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COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS 
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1889 


REMINISCENCES  OF  AN  AMERICAN  PIONEER 
IN  EXPERIMENTAL  MEDICINE 


BY 
HORATIO  C  WOOD,  M.D. 


DR.  WOOD  AS  A  MEDICAL  TEACHER 

BY 
G.  E.  de  SCHWEINITZ,  M.D. 


DR.  WOOD'S  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  RECORD 


REPRINTED   FROM  THE  TRANSACTIONS 
1920 


PREFACE 


These  Reminiscences  were  written  by  Dr.  Wood  toward  the 
close  of  his  life.  He  had  long  been  ill;  he  suffered  severe  mental 
distress  and  physical  pain.  In  his  letter  of  instruction  as  to 
their  disposition  he  requested  that  they  should  be  published  under 
the  auspices  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  that  they  should 
be  incorporated  in  a  volume  of  its  Transactions.  Although  he 
did  not  forbid  revision  of  the  manuscript,  he  expressed  the  wish 
that  it  should  be  printed  in  the  form  in  which  it  was  received. 
This  wish  almost  literally  has  been  complied  with,  save  only 
where,  with  the  aid  of  his  sons,  Dr.  Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr.,  and 
Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  a  few  lapses  of  their  father's  memory  have 
been  corrected.  The  appreciation  of  Dr.  Wood  as  a  medical 
teacher  was  written  in  fulfilment  of  a  promise. 

These  Reminiscences  will  make  their  greatest  appeal  to  those 
whom  Dr.  Wood  taught  and  inspired  in  the  days  of  his  vigor. 
They  will  receive  them  with  sympathetic  understanding,  and  be 
glad  to  revive  their  memories  of  him  to  whom  they  owe  so  much. 

G.   E.  DE  SCHWTEINITZ. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Educational  Period       ........        9 

War  Experiences  ........      15 

Natural  History  Studies  .......      16 

University  of  Pennsylvania  Life       .  .  .  .  .  .19 

Researches  and  Lectures         .......      23 

Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Toxicology       .  .  .  .  .29 

Books  and  Periodicals  .......      30 

Business  Ventures         ........      37 

Vacations  .........      38 

Dr.  Wood  as  a  Medical  Teacher.     By  G.  E.  de  Schweinitz,  M.D.        47 
Dr.  Wood's  Bibliographical  Record  .  .  .  .  .54 


REMINISCENCES  OF  AN  AMERICAN  PIONEER  IN 
EXPERIMENTAL  MEDICINE 


Educational  Period 

As  the  development  of  character  depends  almost  as  much 
upon  early  environments  as  upon  the  original  tendencies  of 
mental  and  physical  powers,  I  venture  to  begin  by  saying  that 
I  am  of  the  ninth  generation  of  English  Quakers  who  came  over 
with  William  Penn.  My  ancestor,  Richard  Wood,  was  very 
intimate  with  Penn;  but  when  it  came  to  the  question  of  founding 
a  city,  he  insisted  that  to  be  a  success  it  must  have  free  access  to 
the  ocean.  Therefore,  when  William  Penn  selected  the  site  of 
Philadelphia  for  a  new  city,  my  ancestor  built  a  large  brick  house 
in  southern  New  Jersey,  on  the  Cohansey  Creek,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  Delaware  Bay.  The  water  in  the  creek  at  the 
point  selected  was  of  sufficient  depth  to  accommodate  the  largest 
vessels  of  that  day  and  the  location  afforded  an  excellent  harbor. 
The  discovery  of  coal  and  other  circumstances,  however,  led  to 
the  development  of  Philadelphia  and  to  the  dwarfing  of  Green- 
wich. 

My  maternal  grandfather,  John  Bacon,  was  a  prominent  man 
in  Philadelphia,  and  was  for  thirteen  years  treasurer  of  the  city. 
On  his  eighty-first  birthday  he  gave  a  party  to  his  accessible 
grandchildren  and  great-grandchildren,  in  number  fifty-five. 

My  father  came  from  a  country  store  to  the  city,  and  grew  to 
be  a  man  of  recognized  importance  in  business  circles.  Strictly 
honest,  at  heart  affectionate,  he  had  a  most  exalted  sense  of 
duty,  and  most  old-fashioned  ideas  of  the  value  of  the  rod.  Grow- 
ing in  his  garden  for  sinister  purposes  was  a  plant  whose  twigs 
were  extremely  tough,  and  from  which  I  frequently  suffered,  until 
at  last  I  sent  him  word  that  if  he  struck  me  again  I  in  turn  would 
strike  him,  and  never  again  did  he  strike  me.    His  early  discipline, 


10  EDUCATIONAL  PERIOD 

however,  gave  me  a  realization  of  the  importance  of  subordination 
in  the  relations  of  men. 

I  do  not  want  to  give  a  wrong  impression  of  my  father,  who 
really  was  a  kind  man,  but  of  the  stern  old  Puritanical  stock.  A 
remarkable  man  of  business,  he  was  also  remarkable  for  his 
judgment  of  men  and  for  the  trust  he  reposed  in  them  once  that 
judgment  had  been  formed.  During  the  Mexican  War  he  was  a 
member  of  a  large  and  very  successful  wholesale  firm  which  sold 
to  the  Government  cloth  for  uniforms.  My  father  announced 
that,  as  a  Friend,  he  could  not  aid  warfare  in  any  way,  and  that 
he  would  resign  from  the  firm  as  it  was  not  right  for  him  to 
oppose  the  majority.  A  few  days  later  a  young  man,  in  response 
to  an  advertisement,  came  into  his  office,  introduced  himself  and 
asked  that  he  might  be  his  partner,  saying,  however,  he  had  no 
capital,  only  a  good  knowledge  of  the  business.  After  an  hour's 
talk,  my  father  told  him  to  come  back  in  a  week,  and  at  that 
time  asked  him  what  share  of  the  profits  he  thought  he  ought 
to  have;  this  being  agreed  upon,  for  many  years  they  did  a  busi- 
ness of  a  million  dollars  a  year,  though  not  a  word  of  writing  of 
any  kind  ever  passed  between  them.  When  age  dissolved  the 
partnership  the  "  young  man"  became  the  president  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Trust  Company. 

I  was  sent  to  school  at  three  years  of  age;  at  four  years  I  could 
read  children's  books  easily;  and  so  progressed  until  I  went  to 
the  Friends'  boardingTSchool  at  Westtown,  where  I  was  next  to 
the  smallest  boy  in  a  school  of  over  two  hundred  pupils.  Strictly 
pacifist  in  its  theory,  this  school  was  in  fact  so  organized  as  to 
cause  much  fighting  among  the  boys.  It  owned  over  a  square 
mile  of  land,  well  covered  with  shellbark  and  other  nut  trees 
and  various  fruit  trees,  the  product  of  which  the  pupils  were 
allowed  to  have.  To  obtain  a  fair  distribution  the  class  was 
organized  into  two  parties,  the  large  and  the  small  boys,  and 
it  was  arranged  among  themselves  that  each  large  boy  should 
have  a  small  boy  for  a  partner.  At  a  stated  time  all  were  assem- 
bled in  the  main  room;  the  name  of  the  smallest  boy  was  called 
out,  whose  duty  was  immediately  to  start  for  some  tree  pre- 


EDUCATIONAL  PERIOD  11 

viously  selected,  and  the  unbreakable  law  gave  him  the  owner- 
ship of  that  tree  for  the  day,  provided  he  could  remain  under 
or  in  it.  When  his  larger  partner  arrived  the  physical  forces 
were  equalized,  but  until  then  the  small  boy  often  received  a 
most  valuable  lesson  in  physical  tenacity  and  endurance  of  pun- 
ishment without  flinching;  qualities  which  in  manhood,  when 
tempered  by  age  and  judgment,  are  very  valuable.  Of  course 
out  of  these  feuds  grew  numerous  battles,  and  the  training  that 
I  there  received  in  the  manly  art  stood  me  in  good  stead  in  later 
years.  Later  on  I  attended  the  Friends'  Select  School  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  the  full  Quaker  garb  with  broad-brimmed  hat 
was  a  great  temptation  for  the  public-school  boys,  though  not 
often  to  their  personal  advantage,  for  the  Westtown  boys  were 
trained  veterans. 

As  for  my  higher  mental  training,  my  father's  sectarian  prin- 
ciples saved  me  from  the  herd-teaching  of  a  university  education, 
and  I  was  educated  in  the  Friends'  Select  School  of  this  city. 
Edward  D.  Cope,  the  famous  paleontologist,  Thomas  Scattergood 
and  Samuel  L.  Allen  were  my  classmates;  the  first  two  of  these, 
however,  were  not  graduated  by  this  school.  An  ex-college  profes- 
sor, Joseph  Aldrich,  was  the  teacher  who  won  my  wayward  heart 
at  once.  He  carried  us  to  a  point  beyond  most  of  the  colleges  in 
Latin  and  to  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  Greek;  in  mathematics 
through  differential  and  integral  calculus  to  practical  astronomy; 
and  gave  special  instruction  in  the  construction  and  derivation 
of  the  English  language,  which  in  later  years  was  of  inestimable 
value  to  me. 

My  taste  for  natural  science  developed  at  a  very  early  age.  I 
must  have  been  about  thirteen  or  fourteen  years  old  when  I  was 
crying  over  a  case  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  because 
of  my  mad  desire  to  have  the  specimens  in  my  hands  and  to 
examine  them  closely.  It  so  happened  that  Professor  Joseph 
Leidy  came  out  of  his  private  room  and  said  to  me,  "What  is 
the  matter!"  I  replied  that  I  wanted  really  to  study  the  speci- 
mens with  the  aid  of  the  books  in  the  Academy  library.  Professor 
Leidy  said,  "I  will  soon  arrange  that,"  and  gave  the  order,  as 


12  EDUCATIONAL  PERIOD 

president  of  the  Academy,  that  I  should  be  allowed  to  have 
access  to  any  case  I  wanted.  Thus  I  entered  into  the  kingdom 
of  natural  science. 

For  a  number  of  years  I  was  sent  in  the  summer  to  a  farm, 
with  the  belief  that  I  was  working  for  my  board,  though  in  fact 
my  father  paid  it.  In  this  way  I  developed  a  muscular  strength 
and  endurance  much  beyond  that  of  the  ordinary  city  lad.  One 
incident  will  show  how  this  bringing-up  produced  quickness  of 
perception  of  what  to  do  in  an  emergency,  determination  in 
carrying  it  out,  and  some  recklessness  of  possible  results. 

In  South  Jersey  it  was  the  custom  at  that  time  to  turn  the 
young  cattle  on  the  farm  out  on  the  marsh  early  in  February, 
where  they  remained,  out  of  sight  of  man,  until  the  mosquitoes 
became  so  bad  in  August  that  it  was  necessary  to  drive  them  to 
the  upland.  By  that  time  the  cattle  had  become  really  wild 
animals.  The  uncle  on  whose  farm  I  then  was,  a  strict  Friend 
and  past  middle  age,  took  me  with  him  to  drive  the  herd  from 
the  marsh.  A  narrow,  open,  plank  bridge  separated  the  marsh 
from  the  upland,  over  which  it  was  necessary  to  drive  the  cattle. 
One  heifer  was  recalcitrant,  and  after  driving  her  several  times 
to  the  bridge  and  having  her  rush  back  on  me,  I  made  a  leap  and 
caught  her  by  the  tail  close  to  the  body,  and  we  went  at  full  gallop 
backward  and  forward  through  the  mud  and  water,  my  uncle 
crying  at  the  top  of  his  voice:  "Horatio,  Horatio!  Let  go  the 
tail;  let  go  the  tail;  thee'll  pull  it  out!"  But  Horatio  did  not 
"let  go  the  tail,"  and  the  tail  did  not  come  out;  and  so  we  finally 
crossed  the  bridge.1 

1  For  the  following  letter,  which  was  written  to  Samuel  L.  Allen  (afterward 
the  manufacturer  of  the  Planet  Junior  agricultural  implements)  in  1859,  we  are 
indebted  to  his  daughter,  Miss  Elizabeth  R.  Allen: 

7-3-59. 

Dear  Sam  : 

Thy  acceptable  letter  was  duly  received,  as  are  most  committed  to  the  care  of 
Uncle  Sam.  Thee  does  not  quite  hit  the  nail  on  the  head  in  thy  suppositions 
concerning  my  unwonted  silence.  The  truth  is,  I  did  not  know  where  to  write, 
thee  having  left  me  completely  in  the  dark  on  that  score.  It  was  in  the  bargain 
that  thee  was  to  fire  the  first  gun. 

The  configuration  of  this  section  of  country  is  greatly  modified  and  abominalized 
by  the  salt  marshes,  or  "ma'shes,"  as  they  are  often  called.     The  larger  creeks, 


EDUCATIONAL  PERIOD  13 

A  further,  later-day,  very  important  educational  force  was  my 
uncle,  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians 
of  his  day,  who,  being  childless,  took  great  interest  in  my  medical 
career  and  I  became  almost  as  a  son  to  him.    He  was  essentially 

as  the  Cohansey,  are  surrounded  by  belts  of  lowlands,  which  the  high  tides  over- 
flow, keeping  many  of  them  in  the  constant  consistency  of  paste. 

Upon  these  tracts  grows  a  sort  of  grass  or  trash,  much  of  it  fit  only  for  manure. 
But  they  turn  cattle  on  them  to  pick  their  living;  thee  may  judge  of  their  value 
from  the  price  of  board  for  cattle.  The  charge  for  the  season  is  $1.50  per  head. 
In  the  distance,  the  beautiful  green  of  these  marshes  and  the  band  of  nodding 
reeds  which  skirts  their  borders,  give  them  a  very  fine  appearance. 

But  it  is  emphatically  distance  that  lends  enchantment  to  the  view.  They 
breed  and  swarm  with  millions  of  mosquitoes,  gnats,  gadflies,  "triangular  flies," 
greenheads  and  the  whole  brood  of  pestilent  insects,  which  hive  forth  to  the  plague 
of  the  surrounding  country. 

I  have  met  with  the  greenheads  before,  but  they  always  confined  their  depreda- 
tion to  cattle;  here  they  attack  men  and  beasts  indiscriminately.  Many  an  hour 
have  I  spent  since  coming  here  in  the  heart  of  the  mosquito  country,  always  above 
my  ankles,  and  sometimes  over  my  boot-tops  in  mud. 

My  last  trip  was  the  most  vexatious.  We  went  to  bring  four  wild  calves  ashore. 
On  our  arrival  (at  the  creek)  we  found  the  bridge  partly  carried  away  by  the  tide. 
So  we  had  to  bring  rails  from  a  fence  to  mend  it  with.  That  part  of  the  marsh 
was  very  soft,  so  that  each  step  would  take  us  in  nearly  to  our  boot-tops,  and  the 
mud  so  adherent  that  we  could  hardly  pull  them  out,  and  it  took  good  manage- 
ment not  to  leave  our  boots  behind  us.  Now  put  a  couple  of  heavy  rails  across 
thy  shoulder,  in  such  a  place,  requiring  both  hands  to  sustain  them,  and  swarms 
of  gnats  and  mosquitoes  settling  on  and  probing  thy  face.  If  thee  can  imagine 
such  a  state,  then  thee'll  have  the  faithful  picture  of  our  condition. 

But  that  was  not  the  worst,  for  we  found  the  only  way  to  get  them  ashore  was 
to  run  them  down.  For  a  couple  of  hours  we  were  coursing  over  that  expanse 
of  liquid  earth,  now  rushing  through  the  waist-high,  wet,  salt  grass,  now  falling 
over  an  unseen  ditch,  till  we  were  in  a  woeful  plight  both  as  regards  muscle  and 
clothes. 

Once  I  seized  one  of  the  animals  by  the  tail,  and  mirabile  visu!  what  leaps  I 
performed  over  that  marsh,  till  Uncle  John  hallooed  that  I'd  break  his  tail;  if  he 
had  not  spoken,  I  would  have  held  as  tightly  as  did  the  witch  to  Tarn  o'  Shanter's 
mare  Meg.     I  would  have  loosened  the  tail  or  subdued  the  beast. 

Another  time,  I  seized  one  emerging  from  Stoe  creek,  in  which  he  had  taken 
refuge  from  us,  and  I  tell  thee  we  had  a  roll  and  tussle  in  the  ditch.  But  I  held 
him!  At  last  we  finally  got  them  all  ashore,  save  one,  which  swam  Stoe  creek  and 
is — ?  Wherever  he  may  be,  I  devoutly  hope  the  flies,  etc.,  may  leave  but  little  of 
him  but  skin  and  bones. 

We  have  about  one  hundred  acres  of  upland  and  marsh  to  mow.  When  we 
get  through  I  hope  to  get  the  job  of  hauling  marl  from  a  tertiary  bed  near  here. 
If  I  do,  thee  may  imagine  it  will  tickle  me  a  mickle.  Do  you  haul  the  green  or 
cretaceous  marl?     If  so,  please  remember  me  and  save  the  shells. 

I  am  becoming  more  confirmed  in  my  skepticism  of  the  probability  of  ever 
being  satisfied  as  a  farmer.  I  do  not  know  what  I  shall  go  at.  I  am,  as  I  told 
thee  last  winter,  tossed  on  the  dark  ocean  of  uncertainty  and  doubt,  but  I  think 
I  will  come  out  all  right  by  and  by.  The  bark  that  weathers  a  storm  shows  her 
seaworthiness. 

Please  excuse  mistakes  on  the  plea  of  laziness,  and  it  is  so  dark  here  I  am  scarcely 
able  to  follow  the  lines. 

Very  resp. 

H.  C  Wood,  Jr. 


14  EDUCATIONAL  PERIOD 

to- 

an  aristocrat,  exceedingly  orderly,  punctilious  and  polite.  One 
evening  he  had  been  with  me  in  consultation,  and  as  we  walked 
home  said  he  was  very  tired.  I  suggested  getting  into  a  street 
car,  which  ran  directly  past  his  door.  The  old  man  went  to  the 
top  of  the  pavement,  drew  himself  up  to  his  full  height  and 
said,  "Horatio,  I  would  have  thee  know  that  I  never  have  and 
never  will  demean  myself  by  riding  in  a  street  car;  when  I  ride 
I  ride  in  my  carriage."    And  so  he  dragged  his  weary  feet  home. 

Once  when  I  was  a  practising  physician  my  father  was  out  of 
health,  and  I  said  to  my  uncle:  "Father  is  failing.  The  best 
thing  is  to  send  him  to  Europe,  but  he  will  not  go;  I  want  thee 
to  help  me."  Immediately  the  old  gentleman  was  in  a  fury, 
and  said:  "Horatio,  send  back  the  proofs  thee  has  of  the  U.  S. 
Dispensatory,  and  never  again  in  any  circumstances  is  thee  to 
cross  my  threshold;  the  supervising  of  my  general  affairs  and 
estate  I  will  put  into  other  hands."  I  replied,  "Uncle,  I  am 
very  sorry  I  have  offended  thee,  but  I  do  not  know  in  what  way." 
He  said:  "A  whippersnapper  like  thee  trying  to  use  me  for  thy 
purpose!  If  thee  had  any  sense,  instead  of  saying  what  thee 
did,  thee  would  have  asked  me  in  consultation  to  see  thy  father, 
and  then  if  I  thought  he  ought  to  go  to  Europe  I  would  order 
him  to  go."  My  apology  and  humility  brought  peace  again 
into  the  apartment. 

Perhaps  the  most  useful  practical  lesson  I  ever  received  was 
from  an  account  by  my  uncle  of  a  consultation  with  old  Professor 
Chapman,  whose  active  life  was  passed  before  the  discovery  of 
auscultation  and  percussion.  Professor  Chapman  asked  that  a 
chair  be  placed  about  ten  feet  from  the  patient,  and  as  much 
light  be  given  as  possible.  After  ten  minutes'  steady  gazing  at 
the  sick  man,  as  he  left  the  room  he  said  to  the  then  young  Dr. 
Wood:  "Your  patient  will  develop  in  the  next  twenty-four 
hours  unmistakable  evidences  of  pneumonia  of  one  upper  lobe," 
and  his  prediction,  made  from  the  patient's  facial  expression, 
proved  to  be  correct.  Thus  I  was  taught  the  necessity  of  per- 
petually training  the  powers  of  observation  in  the  sick-room. 
It  came  to  pass  that  called  in  consultation  in  the  case  of  a  much- 


WAR  EXPERIENCES  15 

beloved  professor  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  very  ill  with 
what  was  supposed  to  be  chronic  dysentery,  I  saw  that  the  facial 
expression  was  not  that  of  dysentery,  and  on  opening  his  mouth 
found  that  he  was  in  an  advanced  stage  of  scurvy,  which  subse- 
quently rapidly  yielded  to  proper  treatment. 

In  another  case,  quoted  for  the  purpose  of  illustration,  I  was 
called  in  consultation  because  the  patient's  general  symptoms 
were  very  serious  and  quite  out  of  proportion  to  the  size  of  the 
small  patch  of  pneumonia  which  the  doctor  in  attendance  had 
found  in  the  left  lung.  I  immediately  noticed  that  the  patient 
lay  on  the  right  side,  whereas  in  serious  pneumonia  the  patient 
lies  on  the  diseased  side  so  that  the  healthy  lung  may  have  full 
play  for  the  increased  work  required  of  it.  A  few  minutes' 
examination  showed  that  the  right  lung  was  almost  solid  from 
top  to  bottom. 

Mechanical  apparatus  has  so  entered  into  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine that  sometimes  I  have  thought  that  doctors  ought  to  be 
called  mechanics.  I  believe  the  trained  fingers  of  the  older 
doctors  often  could  read  more  truly  the  indications  of  the  pulse 
than  does  the  modern  scientific  physician  with  the  aid  of  his 
instruments  of  precision. 

War  Experiences 

After  my  services  in  the  civil  hospitals  as  resident  physician  I 
entered  the  service  of  the  United  States,  then  in  the  midst  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  saw  an  abundance  of  its  horrors.  The  rules  of  the 
service  were  that  the  young  physician  should  not  do  a  major 
operation  without  the  consent  of,  or  order  from,  the  chief  of  the 
hospital.  I  reported  to  my  chief  that  there  was  a  soldier  in  the 
ward  whose  arm  should  be  taken  off  above  the  elbow  on  account 
of  hospital  gangrene  in  the  lower  arm.  Instead  of  coming,  as 
was  his  duty,  himself  to  see  the  case,  he  sent  a  surgeon  in  whom 
he  had  confidence,  who  reported  to  him  that  I  was  only  a  young 
fool,  who  knew  nothing,  and  no  operation  was  performed.  The 
patient  lived  only  for  a  day  or  so,  and  the  commanding  officer,  in 


16  NATURAL  HISTORY  STUDIES 

order  to  save  his  face,  dismissed  me  in  disgrace  to  the  convales- 
cent ward,  where  there  was  nothing  to  do.  Two  days  later  my 
friend  Dr.  Harrison  Allen,  who  was  in  charge  of  one  of  the  largest 
of  the  front-line  hospitals,  obtained  an  order  from  the  Surgeon- 
General  that  I  should  be  transferred  to  the  Virginia  Hospital, 
where  I  became  practically  second  in  command.  It  was  here 
that  I  saw  the  real  horrors  of  war.  General  Grant  was  going 
through  the  Wilderness;  we  would  perchance  get  an  order  on 
Monday  to  clear  the  hospital,  and  every  patient,  whether  he 
lived  or  died,  had  to  be  sent  North,  whither  we  knew  not;  whilst 
not  later  than  Tuesday  the  wards  would  be  filled  with  the  fresh 
victims  of  Moloch.  The  most  pathetic  scenes  of  my  life,  I  think, 
were  those  with  the  mothers  and  sweethearts  and  close  relations, 
when  they  came  down  to  see  their  wounded,  and  we  had  to  take 
them  to  their  graves,  or  perhaps  tell  them  they  had  been  sent 
into  the  North,  where,  we  did  not  know. 

Once  during  this  war  experience  I  nearly  lost  my  life.  It  was 
in  the  hottest  of  July  weather;  the  train,  of  which  I  was  second 
in  command,  was  so  overcrowded  that  I  gave  up  the  stateroom, 
to  which  I  was  entitled  by  my  rank,  to  the  wounded  and  went 
to  sleep  myself  on  the  top  of  the  car.  When  I  suddenly  awoke 
I  had  rolled  to  within  four  or  five  inches  of  the  edge.  The  rest 
of  the  night  I  stayed  awake. 

I  was  in  Richmond  when  Lincoln  was  assassinated,  and  such  a 
mass  of  terrified  people  I  never  saw,  as  they  all  were  convinced 
that  the  soldiers  would  murder  them  out  of  revenge.  In  point 
of  fact,  however,  the  soldiers  were  kept  in  their  barracks  for 
a  day  or  two,  and  no  violence  occurred. 

Natural  History  Studies 

My  first  scientific  paper  was  published  in  1860,  when  I  was 
nineteen  years  old,  by  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  and  was  followed  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1866,  by  a 
second  and  third  study;  all  of  these  were  on  the  plants  of  the 
coal-forming  period  of  the  United  States.    In  1867  the  Academy 


1866 


NATURAL  HISTORY  STUDIES  17 

published  my  first  paper  on  the  "Fresh  Water  Algae;"  this  was 
followed  by  other  papers  on  the  "Fresh  Water  Algse  of  North 
America,"  amounting  in  all  to  eleven  articles,  including  a  quarto 
of  270  pages  published  in  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  in  1872, 
with  19  colored  and  2  uncolored  plates,  all  reproductions  of  360 
microscopic  drawings  made  by  myself.  In  1861  I  published  my 
first  entomological  papers,  and  by  1869  I  had  published  fourteen 
papers  in  various  scientific  journals,  all  these  papers  being  on 
Myriapoda1  or  on  Phalangidece,  mostly  of  North  American  species, 
but  sometimes  inhabitant  of  other  continents. 

Dr.  George  B.  Wood  was  never  well  pleased  at  the  amount  of 
time  which  I  spent  on  the  study  of  natural  history;  but  it  was 
in  fact  well  spent,  because  it  taught  me  to  see  differences  which 
would  be  commonly  overlooked;  and  also  to  perceive  the  relative 
value  of  degrees  of  differences  which  make  the  distinction  between 
species  and  genera.  Also,  it  improved  my  skill  in  using  the 
microscope,  and  thus  was  an  educational  work  which  greatly 
increased  my  power  for  the  matters  to  which  I  was  to  devote 
my  ljfe. 

Twice,  without  any  thought  of  recompense  on  either  side,  I 
have  collected  specimens  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution: 

First,  in  the  Bahamas,  where  I  began  by  hiring  a  well-grown  boy, 
the  evident  descendant  of  a  British  soldier  or  sailor  and  a  colored 
mother.  The  first  day  we  walked  about  twenty  miles,  most  of  it 
through  white  sand  in  which  we  sank  to  our  ankles.  The  next  day 

1  In  1865  Louis  Agassiz  headed  a  large  expedition  to  Brazil.  Shortly  after  his 
return  he  wrote  the  following  letter  (the  original  of  which  is  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians) to  Dr.  Wood,  whose  monograph  on  the  Myriapoda  of  North  America  had 
been  published  the  year  before: 

Cambridge,  October  21,  1866. 
Dear  Sir: 

While  in  Brazil  I  have  collected  a  good  many  myriapods,  in  every  part  of  the 
empire  I  have  visited,  and  I  will  gladly  put  the  whole  at  your  service,  as  soou 
as  the  specimens  can  be  picked  out;  but  I  cannot  say  how  soon  this  will  be  possible, 
as  I  cannot  make  a  beginning  with  the  arrangement  of  my  collections  before  I 
can  secure  the  means  of  buying  about  5000  gallons  of  alcohol  to  carry  the  work 
through. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Agassiz. 
Dr.  H.  C  Wood. 


18  NATURAL  HISTOEY  STUDIES 

the  boy  said  to  me,  "  Massa,  I  looked  at  you  and  I  did  not  tink  you 
was  much,  but  I  find  out  you  am  a  trabler."  The  staple  animal 
food  of  the  natives  is  fish,  which  can  be  sold  in  the  markets 
only  when  alive.  The  variety  of  fish  on  sale  was  very  great. 
So,  with  buying  in  the  markets  and  hunting  on  the  land,  I  was 
able  to  secure  a  large  number  of  specimens.  When  I  landed  in 
New  York,  the  customs  officer,  seeing  the  amount  of  my  baggage 
(casks  and  boxes),  thought  he  had  a  prize  and  swooped  down  on 
me;  but  when  I  convinced  him  they  were  the  property  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  he  simply  said,  "Well,  you  have  got  a 

h 1  of  a  lot  of  specimens!"     I  had  also  a  half -tamed  live  lizard 

(iguana),  five  feet  long,  which,  with  a  collar  and  chain,  walked 
behind  me  like  a  dog;  but  I  had  not  gotten  a  square  away  before 
I  was  forced  to  call  a  carriage  to  escape  the  crowd. 

The  next  time  I  represented  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  I  went 
in  company  with  a  U.  S.  Army  exploring  expedition  into  the 
unknown  regions  on  the  Mexican  border  of  Texas.  The  expedi- 
tion, made  up  of  army  officers,  scouts,  etc.,  numbered  nearly  three 
hundred  men.  W7e  went  along  the  valley  of  the  dried-up  Tornel- 
lias  creek,  then  across  the  Texan  desert  to  the  Chisos  Mountains 
and  down  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  into  the  Mexican  desert. 
Twice  we  came  near  dying  of  thirst.  The  last  time  we  were  in 
the  Chisos  Mountains.  We  knew  that  the  Rio  Grande  was  not 
more  than  twelve  miles  away,  but  wherever  we  went  we  came 
to  impassable  precipices.  With  the  expedition  there  was  a  scout, 
a  Seminole,  by  the  name  of  July  Jesus.  Although  he  was  largely 
of  negro  blood,  yet  he  retained  the  instincts  of  the  Indian.  At 
last,  knowing  the  commander  very  well,  I  insisted  that  he  put 
the  column  under  the  temporary  guidance  of  July  Jesus.  The 
river  was  south  of  us,  but  after  carefully  overlooking  the  surround- 
ing mountains  he  led  us  at  first  due  north  and  then  circling  to 
the  south  came  to  the  Rio  Grande.  We  were,  I  believe,  the  first 
white  men  on  record  to  see  the  Great  Canyon  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
I  may  say  that  the  West  Point  engineer  who  was  our  commander 
was  successful  in  taking  home  the  data  for  a  general  map  of  the 
country. 


UNIVERSITY  OF   PENNSYLVANIA   LIFE  19 

I  knew  that  July  Jesus  had  never  been  in  the  country  before, 
and  asked  him  how  he  knew  which  way  to  take.  He  said,  "Lor, 
Massa,  I  had  no  wahter,  so  I  had  to  go  to  de  ribber."  Evidently 
his  subconscious  brain  was  much  more  developed  than  his  con- 
scious brain,  for  what  we  call  instinct  is  really  the  workings  of 
a  subconscious  brain,  which  is  very  highly  developed  in  many 
animals  and  also  in  the  low  types  of  men,  whilst  the  conscious 
brain  is  developed  scarcely  at  all.  In  the  higher  types  of  men 
the  conscious  brain  is  developed  at  the  expense  of  the  inferior 
organ.  I  once  said  to  a  friend  in  passing,  "How  do  you  do?" 
No  reply.  Then  I  spoke  louder,  when  he  said,  "Excuse  me, 
Doctor,  I  did  not  hear  you  the  first  time."  I  said,  "If  you  did 
not  hear  me,  how  did  you  know  I  had  spoken  twice?"  He  could 
not  answer,  but  I  knew  that  his  conscious  brain  had  on  the  second 
question  perceived  the  record  made  on  his  subconscious  brain. 

University  of  Pennsylvania  Life 

After  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  when  I  returned  from  the 
medical  service  of  the  United  States  Army,  I  immediately  became 
a  private  teacher,  or  quizmaster,  making  a  large  portion  of  my 
income  by  instruction  in  three  branches  of  medicine,  namely, 
practice  of  medicine,  therapeutics  and  chemistry. 

At  that  time,  according  to  the  law  of  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University,  a  man  could  graduate  in  two  years,  but  in  fact 
in  about  twelve  months  of  actual  study,  and  in  many  cases  in 
even  ten  months.  And  further,  there  was  no  supervision  what- 
ever to  show  that  the  lectures  during  this  period  were  really 
attended  by  the  student.  The  private  teachers,  known  as  quiz- 
masters, were  of  greater  practical  value  than  the  professors,  and 
the  best  of  them  had  large  classes,  which  paid  well  for  services 
rendered. 

The  private  teacher  had,  however,  no  official  control  of  the 
students  except  through  his  own  personality.  For  instance,  I 
once  asked  a  man  in  an  upper  class  what  the  odor  of  conium 
resembled.    His  answer  was  negative,  so  I  told  him  it  smelled 


20  UNIVERSITY   OF  PENNSYLVANIA  LIFE 

like  mice.    He  replied,  "How  the    h 1  do  mice  smell?"     I 

answered  immediately,  "With  their  noses,  of  course."  The  class 
crushed  him  with  their  uproar  and  applause.  In  this  school  I 
learned  much  of  whatever  skill  I  had  in  the  management  of 
medical  classes. 

In  1873  I  was  elected  Clinical  Lecturer  of  Nervous  Diseases; 
in  1875  I  was  advanced  to  Clinical  Professor  of  Nervous  Diseases; 
and  in  1876  was  made  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy, 
to  which  title  was  added  that  of  General  Therapeutics  in  1877. 
At  this  time  the  Department  of  Medicine  held  its  own  commence- 
ment exercises  at  the  Academy  of  Music.  The  "commencement" 
of  the  class  of  1880  furnished  the  occasion  of  a  noteworthy,  albeit 
unruly,  demonstration.  The  men  of  the  College  Department, 
never,  at  that  period,  friendly  to  the  medical  students  and  "at 
outs"  with  the  Provost  (for  what  reason  I  do  not  know),  gathered 
in  numbers,  strengthening  their  ranks  from  among  their  acquaint- 
ances, and  filled  the  galleries  and  the  available  space  in  the 
amphitheatre.  When  the  clergyman  (I  think  an  Episcopal 
bishop)  rose  to  open  the  proceedings  with  prayer,  these  students 
broke  out  into  all  kinds  of  ribald  shouts,  hisses  and  groans,  and 
finally  drove  the  clergyman  to  his  seat.  The  Provost  then  rose, 
but  in  his  turn  was  forced  to  sit  down.  By  this  time  the  whole 
Academy  was  in  confusion.  I  was  sitting  with  the  faculty  on 
the  platform,  and  my  old  preprofessional  education  in  practical 
pacifism,  which  I  had  received  at  the  Friends'  Select  School  at 
Philadelphia,  suddenly  shot  up  from  the  depths  of  my  being 
in  an  overpowering  impulse.  Quickly  throwing  off  my  robes, 
jumping  over  the  footlights  into  the  aisle  below,  I  said  to  the 
medical  students  sitting  there,  "Come  boys,  let's  clean  them 
out!"  Instantly  the  whole  body  followed  me.  WTiat  exactly 
happened  in  that  amphitheatre  I  cannot  clearly  remember,  save 
only  the  tapping  between  the  shoulders  by  myself  of  the  last  man, 
who  went  almost  headlong  to  the  bottom  of  the  stairs.  The 
arrival  of  the  police  put  an  end  to  the  riot  and  the  proceedings 
continued  with  due  propriety. 

Impressed  with  the  deficiencies  of  the  medical  education  of 


UNIVERSITY  OF   PENNSYLVANIA   LIFE  21 

this  period,  resulting  only  too  often,  as  it  seemed  to  me,  in  imper- 
fections in  diagnosis  and  treatment  which  amounted  to  mal- 
practice, I  wrote  an  article,  couched  in  vigorous  language,  designed 
to  expose  the  whole  system  and  point  the  way  to  radical  changes. 
In  spite  of  urgent  objection,  and  because  I  believed  the  time  had 
come  when  "plain  speaking"  was  required,  I  published  this 
paper.  Its  appearance  in  print  subjected  me  to  bitter  and  unjust 
criticism,  even,  I  regret  to  say,  on  the  part  of  a  colleague  in  the 
course  of  his  lectures,  to  such  an  extent  that  on  one  occasion 
the  students  endeavored  to  hiss  me  out  of  my  own  lecture  room. 
In  the  midst  of  a  demonstration  of  furious  disapprobation,  I 
stood  quietly  for  half  an  hour,  until  the  storm  subsided,  and  I 
concluded,  uninterrupted,  my  lecture. 

Dr.  William  Pepper,  afterward  Provost,  loyally  supported 
me  in  these  endeavors  to  rectify  the  faults  in  our  system  of  medical 
education:  the  faculty  was  strengthened,  the  contest  between 
the  "reactionaries"  and  the  "progressives"  continued  unabated, 
until  those  who  strove  for  an  elevation  of  standards  were  victori- 
ous. The  primary  step  consisted  in  the  adoption  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  a  three-year  course  in  medicine,  in  this  regard  being  the 
first,  or  one  of  the  first,  medical  schools  to  make  this  advance. 
Other  schools  soon  joined  in  the  movement  and  today  we  reap 
the  advantage  of  these  early  struggles. 

When  in  1889 1  made  an  address  at  Yale  University  and  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.,  the  subject-matter  was  concerned 
largely  with  the  necessity  of  enacting  legislation  with  reference 
to  the  profession  of  medicine.  There  was  at  that  time,  I  believe, 
no  law  whatever  upon  the  subject  in  the  United  States.  The 
address  was  received  with  approval,  especially  by  the  President 
of  Yale  University,  and  I  think  started  the  movement  which  has 
gone  on  until,  now,  legislation  has  become,  in  my  opinion,  a 
burden  to  professional  advancement. 

When  in  1874  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  was  removed 
from  Ninth  and  Chestnut  Streets  to  West  Philadelphia  I  recog- 
nized the  necessity  for  the  formation  of  a  University  Hospital, 
and  after  consultation  with  some  of  the  younger  men  we  formed 


22  UNIVERSITY  OF   PENNSYLVANIA   LIFE 

ourselves  into  a  self-constituted  committee,  and  with  the  appro- 
bation of  the  Trustees,  at  my  suggestion,  Dr.  William  Pepper 
was  made  Chairman.  We  agreed,  that  with  the  help  of  Dr. 
Norris,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  we  would  undertake 
to  raise  the  $500,000  which  would  be  required.  I  obtained  a 
large  subscription  from  my  uncle,  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  from 
Mr.  Henry  C.  Lea,  from  the  president  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive 
Works,  and  from  my  cousin,  Richard  Wood;  and,  finally,  Dr. 
Pepper  and  myself  agreed  to  divide  the  two  sides  of  North  Broad 
Street.  Each  day,  after  consulting  the  City  Directory,  we  made 
the  necessary  calls.  Sometimes  we  would  get  $10  or  $15,  some- 
times larger  sums.  One  butler  did  not  like  Dr.  Pepper's  face, 
but  before  the  menial  could  slam  the  door  shut,  Dr.  Pepper  put 
his  foot  in  the  way,  and  said,  "To-morrow  I  shall  ask  Mr.  So- 
and-so  if  this  is  the  treatment  he  teaches  his  butler  to  give  to 
his  friends,"  and  the  butler  collapsed.  In  this  case  Dr.  Pepper 
secured  $500. 

Following  out  our  plan,  we  finally  obtained  the  required 
$500,000,  and  the  Hospital  was  built.  More  than  four-fifths  of 
the  money  was  secured  by  Dr.  Pepper  and  myself. 

I  was  also  active  in  other  financial  enterprises  for  the  University: 
When  in  1906  my  professorship  was  resigned,  on  account  of 
failing  health,  it  was  found  that  I  had  collected  about  as  much 
money  for  the  University  as  the  salary  I  had  received  during 
the  whole  period  of  my  connection  with  the  institution.  By 
vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  I  was  made  Emeritus  Professor  of 
Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica. 

Perhaps  it  is  not  too  egotistical  for  me  to  state  that  before  a 
suitable  vacancy  occurred  in  the  medical  faculty  of  the  Univer- 
sity I  was  offered  a  professorship  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  (now  Columbia),  also  in  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College;  but  preferred  to  wait  for  an  opening  in 
my  Alma  Mater.  Later  in  life  I  was  offered  the  professorship  of 
Therapeutics  in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  with  the  privilege  of  a 
two  years'  vacation  on  full  salary;  and  also  that  of  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College;  but  still 
remained  steadfast. 


RESEARCHES  23 

The  amount  of  my  time  given  to  experimentation  and  writing 
might  lead  a  reader  of  this  paper  to  the  conclusion  that  I  did 
not  do  private  practice.  The  truth  is,  however,  although  I 
never  had  a  large  family  practice,  the  combined  receipts  from 
consultations,  reaching  as  far  west  as  Minnesota,  from  teaching, 
from  copyrights  and  from  medico-legal  practice  gave  me  a  pro- 
fessional income  approaching  closely  in  amount  to  that  of  any 
other  doctor  in  Philadelphia,  with  perhaps  two  or  three  exceptions. 
I  hold  most  sincerely  that  unless  a  professor  of  a  practical  branch 
of  medicine  does  private  practice  he  cannot  understand  the 
proper  management  of  patients  and  the  use  of  remedial  measures 
not  strictly  medical,  and  therefore  is  not  fit  to  make  fully  informed 
doctors  out  of  students. 

Researches 

I  entered  the  University  Medical  Department  at  eighteen  years 
of  age,  but  under  the  rules  could  not  graduate  until  I  was  twenty- 
one.  My  twenty-second  year  was  spent  as  resident  physician 
in  Blockley,  where  there  were  only  four  of  us  to  do  the  work 
of  the  medical  wards,  instead  of  twelve.  The  next  year  I  spent 
as  resident  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  fortunately  was 
put  in  charge  of  the  sunstroke  ward,  which  was  large  and  very 
crowded.  The  first  thing  I  noticed  was  that  no  two  of  the  superior 
staff  agreed  in  their  form  of  treatment  of  such  cases;  hence  I 
concluded  it  was  all  worthless.  I  found  that  the  autopsies, 
whose  published  results  were  most  varying  and  baffling,  were 
made  about  twenty-four  hours  after  death,  and  hence  suspected 
that  the  results  found  were  due  to  putrefactive  changes.  There- 
fore, I  made  autopsies  twenty  to  thirty  minutes  after  death,  and 
obtained  satisfactory  results. 

After  my  return  from  the  war  I  decided  to  attempt  a  research 
upon  the  subject  of  sunstroke,  but  had  the  greatest  difficulty  in 
finding  any  place  where  I  could  work.  There  was  not  then,  to 
my  knowledge,  a  single  physiological  laboratory  in  Philadelphia, 
and  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  not  even  a  room  which 
was  not  occupied.    Finally  I  decided  that  my  work  must  be 


24  RESEARCHES 

done,  if  at  all,  in  the  stables,  greenhouses  and  yard  belonging  to 
the  house  of  my  uncle,  Dr.  G.  B.  Wood,  where  there  was  abundant 
room,  and  without  trouble  obtained  his  consent  to  use  these  places. 
I  was  obliged  to  design  the  necessary  apparatus  and  have  it 
made  by  a  carpenter  or  mechanic.  It  also  chanced  that  the 
giving  way  of  a  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  yard  revealed  an 
exceedingly  deep  well,  probably  originally  of  Colonial  work,  and 
later  covered  with  dirt  sufficiently  deep  for  the  grass  to  grow  over 
it.  This  well  afforded  a  receptacle  for  the  bodies  of  animals. 
When  all  was  ready  I  began  to  investigate  the  cause  of  the  extra- 
ordinary quickness  with  which  postmortem  rigor  develops  in 
sunstroke.  I  found,  as  is  well  known,  that  postmortem  rigidity 
is  due  to  the  coagulation  of  myosine  in  the  muscles;  but  I  found 
that  myosine  which  had  been  produced  in  overworked  muscles 
coagulated  much  more  quickly  than  normal  myosine  and  at  a 
lower  temperature. 

The  next  query  that  came  to  my  mind  was:  Why  there  were 
certain  cases  of  sunstroke,  almost  if  not  invariably  occurring 
in  men  who  were  doing  heavy  work,  especially  among  marching 
troops  in  India,  which  were  swiftly  fatal?  It  was  easy  to  prove 
experimentally  that  such  overwork  as  heavy  marching  threw 
excessive  work  on  the  heart,  and  that  these  cases  of  "cardiac 
sunstroke"  were  due  to  sudden  coagulation  of  the  myosine  of 
the  heart.  Next  came  to  me  the  thought:  Is  all  this  really  due 
simply  to  heat?  I  soon  proved  by  local  heating  of  the  brain 
that  it  was  possible  to  produce  all  the  cerebral  symptoms  of 
sunstroke  with  no  other  manifestations;  also  that  a  rapidly 
produced  general  sunstroke  in  a  rabbit  was  so  immediately  relieved 
by  immersion  in  cold  water  that  fifteen  minutes  later  the  rabbit 
was  quietly  nibbling  at  the  grass. 

Thus  I  had  cleared  up  the  natural  history  of  sunstroke  and 
determined  its  proper  treatment,  namely,  to  cool  the  sufferer 
by  ice-cold  baths  as  soon  as  possible.  In  my  essay  I  suggested 
the  name  of  thermic  fever  instead  of  sunstroke,  and  almost  at 
once  this  name  was  adopted  in  the  British  Military  Index  of 
Diseases. 


RESEARCHES  25 

These  researches  naturally  interested  me  in  the  nature  and 
causes  of  fever,  and  aided  by  a  grant  of  $1000  from  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  and  the  expenditure  of  about  the  same  amount 
of  money  of  my  own,  I  demonstrated  that  division  of  the  medulla 
where  it  joins  the  pons  does,  as  had  been  previously  asserted, 
produce  at  once  enormous  rise  of  the  bodily  temperature. 
Further,  that  this  rise  of  temperature,  as  well  as  that  produced 
by  the  injection  of  semiputrid  material  into  the  blood,  is  caused 
by  excessive  heat  production,  but  also  to  some  extent  by  heat 
retention  in  the  body.  For  this  research  I  had  to  design  appa- 
ratus, and  all  the  leisure  I  had  for  ten  years  was  given  to  the 
subject. 

These  researches  did  not  originate  the  use  of  the  cold  bath  in 
fever,  but  they  put  it  upon  the  final  scientific  basis  and  made 
the  treatment  universal.  As  long  ago  as  1820,  if  I  remember 
aright,  a  certain  English  doctor's  children  had  scarlet  fever,  and 
he  locked  himself  in  a  room  with  them  and  used  the  cold  bath, 
in  spite  of  the  protest  of  his  wife  and  the  neighbors.  This  experi- 
ence did  not,  however,  lead  to  the  habitual  use  of  the  cold  bath  in 
typhoid  and  other  fevers  with  high  temperature.  I  believe  that 
my  first  case  was  that  of  a  professor  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  who  put  himself  under  my 
care.  He  had  an  extremely  high  temperature  and  was  appar- 
ently unconscious,  but  as  I  lifted  him  into  the  bath  he  suddenly 
opened  his  eyes  and  said,  "Doctor,  this  is  the  only  treatment  of 
typhoid  fever  that  I  have  seen  immediately  followed  by  death." 
I  knew  that  he  had  never  seen  the  bath  used,  but  I  certainly 
had  to  get  a  good  grip  on  myself  to  carry  out  my  intentions. 
He  eventually  recovered;  his  distinguished  career  in  this  country 
and  in  Cuba  is  well  known. 

These  were  the  two  great  researches  of  my  life,  although  in 
practical  value  each  is  possibly  equalled  by  the  research  that 
formed  the  basis  of  my  address  at  the  Tenth  International  Medical 
Congress  in  Berlin  in  1890,  and  by  the  discovery  of  the  thera- 
peutic and  physiologic  action  of  hyoscine.  The  speech  at  Berlin 
had  to  be  delivered  without  notes,  because  although  originally 


26  RESEARCHES 

I  had  been  allotted  two  hours,  at  ten  o'clock  on  the  evening  before 
it  was  due  I  was  informed  by  the  committee  that  they  could  not 
afford  to  grant  me  more  than  one  hour,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
other  physicians  had  overstepped  their  time.  So  I  threw  my 
manuscript  into  the  drawer  and  trusted  to  my  power  of  speaking. 
Two  Jewish  friends,  very  well  and  very  favorably  known  in 
Philadelphia,  one  later  a  judge,  gave  me  a  wreath  of  the  old 
Grecian  laurel,  saying,  "We  were  frightened  lest  you  would 
break  down,  but  within  the  first  ten  minutes  of  your  talk  you 
forgot  yourself  and  everybody  but  the  matter  in  hand." 

The  research  itself  was  on  "The  Treatment  of  the  Accidents 
of  Anesthesia,"  and  showed  that  I  had  proved  by  experiments 
upon  dogs  the  futility  of  much  of  the  treatment  then  in  vogue, 
and  established  proper  methods  of  procedure.  As  a  result  of 
this  paper  the  treatment  of  the  accidents  of  anesthesia  was  effec- 
tively changed  and  improved. 

The  Berlin  or  German  committee,  toward  the  close  of  the 
Congress,  gave  a  banquet  to  twenty-four  prominent  members 
of  the  Congress.  That  distinguished  oculist,  Karl  Theodore, 
Grand  Duke  of  Bavaria,  presided;  next  to  him  sat  Paget;  and 
I  was  seated  on  Paget's  left.  Late  in  the  dinner  the  Grand  Duke 
came  to  me,  put  his  hand  on  my  shoulder  and  talked  with  me, 
told  me  that  he  was  obliged  to  leave  early  the  next  morning  to 
take  his  sister,  the  Empress  of  Austria  (who  was  afterward  assassi- 
nated) to  some  German  bath;  and  spoke  in  the  most  kindly  terms 
of  his  poor  patients.  (He  supported  a  hospital,  as  he  was  forbidden 
by  his  rank  from  doing  private  practice.)  He  then  said,  "I 
desire  to  converse  with  our  guests  individually,  so,  won't  you 
take  my  place  as  chairman?"  And  thus,  for  half  an  hour,  I  sat 
beneath  the  royal  insignia  of  Bavaria,  and  enjoyed  an  intimate 
conversation  with  Paget,  one  of  the  greatest  medical  minds  which 
England  has  produced. 

Unfortunately  the  convention  was  doomed  to  end  in  a  tragedy. 
We  were  welcomed  on  arrival  at  the  main  stairway  of  the  hall  by 
a  doctor  who  seemed  to  know  every  language  under  the  sun,  and, 
always  recognizing  the  nationality,  addressed  each  guest  in  his 


RESEARCHES  27 

own  language,  apparently  as  fluently  as  if  he  were  speaking 
German.  To  this  man,  also,  was  given  the  general  management 
of  the  whole  Congress.  Next  day,  after  the  end  of  the  Congress, 
while  I  was  walking  in  the  street,  a  head  was  suddenly  thrust 
out  of  the  window  of  a  passing  carriage,  and  a  voice  called  to 
me :  "  Wood,  Wood !  my  poor  head,  my  poor  head !  The  convention 
has  been  too  much  for  me.  I  am  now  en  route  for  your  country!" 
When  next  I  heard  of  him,  some  months  later,  he  had  become 
insane. 

My  attention  was  attracted  by  a  rather  acrimonious  contro- 
versy in  the  European  medical  press  concerning  hyoscyamine. 
There  was  on  the  market  an  impure  form  of  hyoscyamine,  so- 
called,  a  blackish  liquid,  and  also  the  pure  crystalline  hyoscya- 
mine. Studying  the  current  literature,  it  became  apparent  that 
impure  hyoscyamine  was  many  times  more  potent  than  the  pure. 
I  wrote  to  Merck,  asking  if  he  had  ever  chemically  examined  the 
impure  hyoscyamine  and  had  obtained  anything  out  of  it  except 
hyoscyamine.  It  appeared  that  his  chemists  had  isolated  an 
alkaloid  which  they  called  hyoscine.  This  I  studied,  first  thor- 
oughly on  dogs,  then  on  myself,  then  on  my  wife,  then  on  patients, 
and  published  the  results;  later  I  received  a  note  from  Merck, 
offering  to  furnish  me  without  charge  any  product  he  had  and 
which  I  might  want  for  experimentation;  also  he  offered,  if  I 
had  any  chemical  research  in  contemplation,  to  put  all  the 
chemists  I  needed  at  my  disposal. 

My  last  research  was  upon  the  action  of  alcohol  upon  the 
circulation.  From  studies  upon  the  isolated  frog's  heart  as  well 
as  upon  dogs  the  conclusion  was  reached  that  in  small  amounts 
alcohol  does  stimulate  the  heart,  but  in  larger  amounts  diminishes 
the  heart  action.  Thus  it  was  found  that  one-quarter  of  1  per 
cent,  of  alcohol  in  the  solution  increases  the  action  of  the  isolated 
heart  of  the  frog;  that  in  mammals  its  influence  is  of  similar  nature; 
but  that  in  all  cases,  if  in  at  all  sufficient  quantities,  it  dilates 
bloodvessels,  this  dilatation  being  probably  due  to  depression 
of  vasomotor  centers;  that  in  all  probability  it  has  no  action 
on  the  brain  except  in  large  amounts,  when  it  acts  as  a  paralyzant, 


28  RESEARCHES 

the  mental  exhilaration  which  follows  when  the  drug  is  taken  in 
small  amounts  being  due  to  the  increase  of  the  blood  in  the  brain 
and  to  the  rapidity  of  its  circulation. 

I  may  mention  that  for  various  of  these  researches  I  was  given 
the  Boylston  prize,  the  Warren  prize  awarded  in  New  England, 
and  a  special  prize  offered  by  the  Philosophical  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

I  may  conclude  by  saying  that  from  1868  to  1899  I  published 
in  various  journals  fifty-four  papers  on  "Experimental  Researches 
in  Pharmacology,  Physiology  and  Pathology,"  including  one  by 
special  request  from  Germany,  which  was  published  in  the 
Festschrift  of  Rudolph  Virchow. 

Between  1863  and  1902  I  published  one  hundred  and  forty- 
three  researches  and  studies  in  various  branches  of  clinical  medi- 
cine, pathology  and  therapeutics.  In  these  researches  I  should 
acknowledge  that  I  not  rarely  had  a  younger  man  to  assist  me, 
as  is  shown  in  my  Bibliographic  Record;  but  I  believe  I  never 
failed  to  give  my  assistant  sincere  acknowledgment  of  his  services. 

In  my  earliest  researches  the  condemned  dogs  of  the  public 
pound  furnished  the  material.  This  was,  however,  stopped 
by  the  intervention  of  the  Philadelphia  Anti-vivisection  Society. 
I  went  to  see  a  prominent  member  of  City  Councils  about  the 
matter,  and  he  said,  with  a  well-worn  oath:  "You  are  certainly 
right,  but  I  have  business  to  do,  and  at  ten  o'clock  a  lady  comes 
to  my  office  and  talks  for  an  hour;  at  eleven  o'clock  she  is  relieved; 
and  so  on,  day  after  day;  and  I  cannot  assist  you  without  giving 
up  my  private  affairs."  At  first  I  was  nonplussed,  but  I  soon 
designed  a  buggy,  which  could  turn  in  its  length,  having  a  box  in 
its  rear;  and  owning  a  horse  that  had  been  trained  for  the  race- 
track, my  colored  coachman  and  I  would  drive  through  the 
purlieus  of  the  city  until  we  saw  a  homeless  cur,  which  I  seized 
by  the  back  of  the  neck  and  locked  up  in  the  box,  and  in  a  moment 
we  had  whirled  around  the  next  corner  and  no  one  the  wiser. 
After  a  time  it  became  known  that  dogs  would  be  bought  at  the 
University  and  we  had  no  further  trouble  for  a  supply. 

I  want  to  say  here  that  I  have  always  been  very  fond  of  well- 


MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE  AND   TOXICOLOGY  29 

bred  dogs,  and  have  owned  a  number  of  them,  and  that  in  my 
experimental  researches  I  never  used  one.  In  all  my  researches 
requiring  animal  experimentation  all  proper  methods  to  prevent 
pain  and  suffering  were  utilized.  Many  times  I  have  had  to 
meet  members  of  the  American  Anti-vivisection  Society  before 
a  Legislative  committee,  or  perhaps  the  whole  Legislative  body, 
and  never  have  I  failed  to  check  their  mischievous  designs. 

In  1874  appeared  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Times  my  first 
published  medical  lecture,  followed  by  thirty-one  printed  in 
journals  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 

An  amusing  experience  was  the  following:  When  I  was  very 
young,  to  my  utter  astonishment,  I  was  asked  by  the  Associated 
German  Societies  of  Philadelphia  to  deliver  an  address  on  the  life 
of  the  great  Humboldt,  as  part  of  their  celebration  of  the  one- 
hundredth  anniversary  of  his  birth;  but  the  celebration  continued 
all  day,  and  other  attractions  had  their  effect.  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  delivering  my  address  to  an  audience  of  six  persons,  in  a  large 
dark  hall.  Nevertheless,  the  newspapers  made  it  all  right,  for  the 
next  day  they  said  the  hall  was  crowded  by  a  brilliant  audience, 
and  printed  the  address  in  full. 

Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Toxicology 

During  my  life  I  had  quite  an  extensive  practice  in  medical 
jurisprudence,  extending  over  five  states.  Once  the  judge,  the 
district  attorney  and  the  attorney  for  the  prisoner  agreed  to 
leave  to  my  written  statement,  without  oath,  the  determination 
of  the  sanity  of  the  convicted  criminal,  concerning  which  all  of 
them  had  doubts.  I  replied  that  if  on  examination  I  had  any 
doubts  of  the  mental  condition  of  the  prisoner  I  would  refuse  to 
give  an  opinion  without  the  assistance  of  some  other  doctor  of 
repute;  but  on  examination  I  was  satisfied  that  the  patient  was 
sane,  and  so  the  judge  gave  sentence. 

On  the  subject  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Toxicology  I  pub- 
lished twelve  articles  in  various  journals. 

What  is  needed  to  make  a  first-class  medical  expert  is  an 


30  BOOKS  AND   PERIODICALS 

expressionless  face  and  bearing,  a  complete  knowledge  of  the 
subject,  and  the  power  of  quick  thinking  and  ready  utterance. 
Sometimes  a  bitter  wit  is  not  out  of  place.  I  remember  an  acci- 
dent case  which  had  both  a  surgical  and  a  medical  side.  When 
I  was  cross-examined,  a  personal  friend,  a  surgeon  of  great  repute, 
led  by  his  desire  to  see  me  in  the  mire  of  a  surgical  hole,  came 
forward  and  sat  by  the  lawyer  who  was  conducting  the  cross- 
examination.  His  intention  was  to  entrap  me  through  my 
surgical  ignorance.  The  first  question  put  to  me  was  half  surgical 
and  half  medical.  I  answered  that  when  I  went  on  the  stand  I 
told  the  Court  that  I  knew  no  surgery  and  would  not  answer 
any  surgical  question;  further  saying  to  the  attorney,  "That, 
sir,  is  a  surgical  question;  and  when  you  are  a  little  older  you 
will  perhaps  learn  that  the  difference  between  an  American 
neurologist  and  an  American  surgeon  is  that  the  neurologist 
knows  what  he  does  not  know  as  well  as  what  he  does  know." 
The  lawyer  responded,  "Is  your  specialty  entirely  different 
from  that  of  a  surgeon?"  I  replied:  "Certainly,  sir.  I  am  a 
brain-worker;  the  surgeon  works  with  his  hands."  Putting  their 
heads  together,  I  was  told,  "That  will  do,  sir;"  and  went  back 
to  my  seat,  clothed  in  a  most  becoming  garb  of  humility. 

Books  and  Periodicals 

I  have  written  six  books,  exclusive  of  the  Dispensatory,  the 
descriptive  titles  of  which  are  printed  in  the  Bibliographic  Record. 

The  original  title  of  my  work  on  therapeutics  was,  "A  Treatise 
on  Therapeutics,  comprising  Materia  Medica  and  Toxicology,  with 
Especial  Reference  to  the  Application  of  the  Physiological  Action 
of  Drugs  to  Cli?iical  Medicine." 

The  most  learned,  thorough  and  generally  acknowledged 
superior  book  on  therapeutics  which  existed  at  that  time  was 
that  written  by  Alfred  Stille,  and  in  order  to  show  the  radical 
differences  between  the  thought-basis  of  that  book  and  my  own, 
I  venture  to  quote  the  following  extracts  from  the  prefaces  of  the 
two  books,  making  at  the  same  time  my  acknowledgment  of  the 


BOOKS   AND   PERIODICALS  31 

generosity  of  Professor  Stille,  who  allowed  me  to  use  his  own 
library,  which  was  then  the  most  complete  one  in  this  country 
upon  therapeutics:  this,  too,  though  he  knew  that  the  book 
which  he  was  assisting  me  to  write  would  be  the  competitor  of 
his  own  work. 

Pkeface  to  Prof.  Stilus's  Book 

To  experience,  then,  we  must  turn  as  the  ultimate  and  decisive 
arbiter  of  all  questions  respecting  the  curative  virtues  of  medicines, 
feeling  assured  that  whenever  the  particular  application  of  a  remedy 
can  be  sustained  by  the  testimony  of  the  great  physicians  of  successive 
ages,  our  employment  of  it  possesses  the  highest  possible  sanction.  In 
this  conviction,  the  reader  of  the  present  work  will,  it  is  hoped,  find  a 
motive  and  a  justification  for  the  citations  and  references  with  which 
it  abounds. 

The  following  is  the  extract  spoken  of  above  from  the  first 
edition  of  my  work: 

The  old  and  tried  method  in  therapeutics  is  that  of  empiricism,  or, 
if  the  term  sounds  harsh,  of  clinical  experience.  As  stated  by  one  of  its 
most  ardent  supporters,  the  best  possible  development  of  this  plan  of 
investigation  is  to  be  found  in  a  close  and  careful  analysis  of  cases  before 
and  after  the  administration  of  a  remedy;  and,  if  the  results  be  favorable, 
the  continued  use  of  the  drug  in  similar  cases.  It  is  evident  that  this 
is  not  a  new  path,  but  a  highway  already  worn  with  the  eager  but  weary 
feet  of  the  profession  for  two  thousand  years. 

That  very  much  has  been  thus  accomplished  it  were  folly  to  deny. 
Leaving  out  of  sight  the  growth  of  the  last  two  decades,  almost  all  of 
the  current  therapeutic  knowledge  has  been  gained  in  this  way. 

Therapeutics  developed  in  this  manner  cannot,  however,  rest  upon  a 
secure  foundation.  What  today  is  believed  is  tomorrow  to  be  cast 
aside,  certainly  has  been  the  law  of  advancement,  and  seemingly  must 
continue  to  be  so.  What  has  clinical  therapeutics  established  perma- 
nently and  indisputably?  Scarcely  anything  beyond  the  primary  facts 
that  quim'a  will  arrest  an  intermittent  fever,  that  salts  will  purge,  and 
that  opium  will  quiet  pain  and  lull  to  sleep. 

To  establish  therapeutic  facts  the  profession  clings  as  with  the  heart 
and  hand  of  one  man,  clings  with  a  desperation  and  unanimity  whose 
intensity  is  the  measure  of  the  unsatisfied  desire  for  something  fixed. 


32  BOOKS   AND   PERIODICALS 

Yet  with  what  a  Babel  of  discordant  voices  does  it  celebrate  its  two 
thousand  years  of  experience! 

This  is  so  well  known  that  it  seems  superfluous  to  cite  examples  of 
the  therapeutic  discord;  and  one  only  shall  be  mentioned,  namely — 
rheumatism.  In  this  disease,  bleeding,  nitrate  of  potassium,  quinine, 
mercurials,  flying  blisters,  purgation,  opium,  the  bromides,  veratria  and 
a  host  of  other  remedies,  all  have  their  advocates  clamorous  for  a  hearing; 
and  above  all  the  tumult  are  to  be  heard  the  trumpet-tones  of  a  Chambers, 
"Wrap  your  patients  in  blankets  and  let  them  alone." 

Experience  is  said  to  be  the  mother  of  wisdom.  Verily  she  has  been 
in  medicine  rather  a  blind  leader  of  the  blind;  and  the  history  of  medical 
progress  is  a  history  of  men  groping  in  the  darkness,  finding  seeming 
gems  of  truth  one  after  another,  only  in  a  few  minutes  to  cast  each  back 
to  the  vast  heap  of  forgotten  baubles  that  in  their  day  had  also  been 
mistaken  for  verities.  In  the  past,  there  is  scarcely  a  conceivable  absurd- 
ity that  men  have  not  tested  by  experience  and  for  a  time  found  to  be 
the  thing  desired;  in  the  present,  homeopathy  and  other  similar  delu- 
sions are  eagerly  embraced  and  honestly  believed  in  by  men  who  rest 
their  faith  upon  experience. 

Narrowing  our  gaze  to  the  regular  profession  and  to  a  few  decades, 
what  do  we  see?  Experience  teaching  that  not  to  bleed  a  man  suffering 
from  pneumonia  is  to  consign  him  to  an  unopened  grave,  and  experience 
teaching  that  to  bleed  a  man  suffering  from  pneumonia  is  to  consign 
him  to  a  grave  never  opened  by  Nature.  Looking  at  the  revolutions 
and  contradictions  of  the  past — listening  to  the  therapeutic  Babel  of  the 
present — is  it  a  wonder  that  men  should  take  refuge  in  nihilism,  and  like 
the  lotos-eaters  dream  that  all  alike  is  folly;  that  rest  and  quiet  and 
calm  are  the  only  human  fruition? 

Since  the  profession  has  toiled  so  long  and  found  so  little,  if  further 
progress  is  to  be  made  we  must  question  the  old  methods  and  search  out 
new  ones,  which  happily  may  lead  to  more  fruitful  fields.  In  the  ordinary 
affairs  and  business  of  life,  when  anything  is  to  be  accomplished,  the 
effort  always  is  to  discover  what  is  to  be  done,  and  then  what  are  the 
means  at  command.  A  primary  knowledge  of  the  end  to  be  accomplished 
and  a  secondary  acquaintance  with  the  instruments  are  a  necessity  for 
successful  human  effort;  and  until  the  sway  of  this  law  is  acknowledged 
by  physicians,  medicine  can  never  rise  from  the  position  of  an  empirical 
art  to  the  dignity  of  applied  science.  Until  within  a  comparatively 
recent  period,  it  has  been  impossible  to  comply  with  this  law.  But, 
through  the  advances  made  by  the  pathologists  and  by  the  students  of 
the  natural  history  of  disease,  we  are  fast  learning  the  methods  in  which 
Nature  brings  the  body  back  to  health.     When  this  is  done — when  disease 


BOOKS  AND   PERIODICALS  33 

is  thoroughly  understood,  we  shall  have  wrought  out  the  first  element 
of  the  problem,  shall  have  complied  with  the  first  requirement  of  the 
law. 

A  very  flattering  review  in  the  American  Journal  oj  the  Medical 
Sciences,  written  by  Prof.  E.  H.  Clarke,  of  Harvard  University, 
gave  my  book  immediate  standing,  and  its  success  was  such  that 
thirteen  large  editions  were  published  in  the  next  thirty-three 
years.  The  amount  of  work  required  in  the  preparation  of  a 
new  edition  may  be  understood  when  I  state  that  I  once  kept 
tally  of  the  number  of  the  papers  studied,  and  found  that  it  was 
eight  hundred,  including  in  its  range  three  languages. 

I  do  not  mean  to  make  the  claim  that  my  book  was  the  first 
or  only  one  which  had  given  more  or  less  prominence  to  the  study 
of  the  physiological  action  of  remedies,  but  I  believe  it  was 
the  one  that  first  made  this  the  basis  of  the  book  itself,  and  became 
in  this  respect  the  beginning  of  the  modern  study  of  therapeutics. 
The  epoch-making  discoveries  of  Pasteur,  the  wonders  of  anti- 
septic surgery,  the  modern  growth  of  the  experimental  study  of 
remedies,  have  all,  in  fact,  been  due  to  the  recognition  of  the 
truth  that  only  by  the  correlation  of  the  facts  obtained  in  the 
experimental  laboratory  with  those  which  come  from  the  bedside 
of  the  sick  is  true  therapeutic  progress  to  be  made. 

The  first  pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  States  was  published  in 
1820;  but  in  1830  two  conventions  for  the  revision  of  the  pharma- 
copoeia were  held,  one  in  Washington  and  one  in  New  York. 
These  resulted  in  the  issuance  of  two  pharmacopoeias,  which 
became  rivals  for  popular  favor,  neither  of  them  being  supported 
by  legislative  enactment.  This  led  to  much  confusion  and  the 
country  was  little  better  off  with  two  than  it  would  have  been 
with  no  pharmacopoeia.  In  order  to  obtain  general  recognition 
of  the  Washington  pharmacopoeia,  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  who 
had  been  a  delegate  to  this  convention,  wrote,  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Franklin  Bache,  a  commentary  on  this  pharmacopoeia  under 
the  name  of  the  United  States  Dispensatory.  Dr.  Wood  had  no 
thought  of  commercial  success  in  this  book,  but  it  led  the  physi- 
cians and  druggists  of  the  United  States  to  recognize  the  authority 


34  BOOKS  AND   PERIODICALS 

of  the  Washington  convention  and  the  New  York  pharmacopoeia 
was  never  republished.  Partly  as  a  tribute  to  his  work  in  obtain- 
ing general  recognition  of  the  pharmacopoeia,  and  partly  because 
of  his  standing  in  the  medical  profession,  Dr.  Wood  was  elected 
president  of  the  convention  in  1850,  which  position  he  held  during 
the  remainder  of  his  active  life.  In  1880  I  was  accorded  the 
same  honor  and  served  as  president  of  the  convention  for  twenty 
years. 

The  United  States  Pharmacopceial  Association,  as  devised  by 
Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  has  never  been  assailed  except  by  a  famous 
and  very  influential  druggist,  who  attempted  to  have  the  American 
Medical  Association  take  charge  of  the  production  of  the  pharma- 
copoeia. In  a  two-hour  speech  he  made  such  an  impression  upon 
the  convention  that,  when  I  got  up  to  speak  in  opposition  to 
what  he  had  said,  my  friends  took  hold  of  me  and  said,  "  He  has 
such  a  large  majority  in  favor  of  his  plan  that  you  will  only  make 
a  fool  of  yourself  by  opposing  it."  I  replied,  "Let  me  go,  for  the 
Lord  hath  delivered  my  enemy  into  my  hands."  The  result  of 
my  hour's  speech  was  that  in  the  next  issue  of  his  weekly  journal, 
the  druggist  said  that  "he  had  the  convention"  until  Dr.  H.  C. 
Wood,  a  young,  unknown  man  from  Philadelphia,  in  a  way  that 
to  him  was  inexplicable,  melted  down  his  majority.  The  United 
States  pharmacopceial  convention  has  met  every  ten  years  since 
the  early  days  of  Dr.  George  B.  Wood. 

By  the  will  of  my  uncle  the  ownership  of  the  United  States 
Dispensatory  was  left  to  me,  and  the  contention  of  the  Bache 
family,  that  they  owned  it  in  part,  was  finally  settled  by  agree- 
ment. After  this  matter  was  adjusted  I  gave  to  Professor 
Joseph  P.  Remington  a  share  in  the  ownership  of  the  book,  making 
him  at  the  same  time  the  editor  of  the  pharmaceutical  matter 
contained  in  the  work.  During  the  preparation  of  the  twentieth 
edition,  in  1918,  Professor  Remington  died,  and  as  the  result  of 
agreement  between  myself  and  the  family  of  Professor  Remington, 
my  son,  Dr.  Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr.,  became  the  owner  of  the  copy- 
right of  the  book;  and  since  the  completion  of  the  last  edition  the 
sale  has  so  continued  that  it  is  probable  the  work  will  represent 
three  generations  of  the  Wood  family. 


BOOKS   AND   PERIODICALS  35 

The  Dispensatory  is  not  a  book  that  requires  genius  or  origi- 
nality, but  an  extremely  wide  and  thorough  knowledge  of  drugs 
and  of  their  literature,  the  power  of  seeing  the  essentials  of  a 
subject,  the  ability  of  writing  very  concisely  and  a  willingness 
to  do  enormous  labor.  If  the  sale  of  the  latest  edition  during 
its  first  year  may  be  taken  as  a  criterion,  the  present  hold  of  the 
United  States  Dispensatory  upon  the  professions  of  the  world  is 
as  great  as  it  has  ever  been.  Previous  single  editions  have  reached 
forty  thousand  copies. 

The  extraordinary,  widespread  reputation  of  the  United  States 
Dispensatory  is  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  when  I  went  to  Japan 
the  apothecary  at  Vancouver  refused  to  allow  me  to  pay  for 
medicines,  on  the  ground  that  I  had  been  the  basis  of  his  success 
in  life.  On  the  Canadian  Pacific  steamer,  almost  the  first  thing 
the  doctor  said  was,  "I  have  just  discovered  a  book  which  I  did 
not  know  of,  a  wonderful  book,"  and  so  on.  I  asked  what  it 
was.  He  said:  "The  United  States  Dispensatory.  Did  you  ever 
hear  of  it?"  I  replied,  "Yes,  I  have  heard  of  it."  In  the  drug- 
store at  Yokohama  it  was  lying  on  the  counter.  To  it  I  probably 
owe  many  letters  from  central  Africa,  most  curious  in  their  mixture 
of  total  ignorance  and  basal  knowledge.    Witness  the  following: 

August  3d,  1915. 
Dear  Sir, 

Please  send  me  the  price  list  of  your  medicine  for  learning  how  to 
work  arithmetic,  how  to  speak  correctly  in  the  public,  so  do  not  delay  it 
at  all,  because  I  have  brought  many  of  my  friends  to  see  it,  and  we  are 
waiting  you,  for  your  examples;  let  me  know  your  charge  at  same  time, 
and  send  a  p.  o.  amount  for  it.  If  pills  or  book  you  must  put  on  the 
directions,  and  know  it  perfectly,  so  I  am  now  being  in  the  school,  and 
do  not  neglect  at  all. 

I  am  Sir,  your  obedient  Servant  Believe  me, 

J.  K.  Eshun.  yours  truly, 

Sabin  House.  J.  K.  Eshun. 

care  Isaac  Idan, 
post  office  Salt  Pond. 

The  last  African  letter  which  I  received  is  so  interesting  as  a 
revelation  of  the  ersttime  wild  central  African's  character  when 


36  BOOKS  AND   PERIODICALS 

tamed  a  little,  that  I  insert  it  here.  Apparently  the  writer 
is  employed  on  the  English  railroad,  hence  the  English  name, 
A.  C.  Nelson. 

from  A.  C.  Nelson 

A.  C.  Nelson, 

care  George  Cod  joe 
Account  Office, 
Railway  station,  Accra. 
Dear 
Sir, 

Your  name  &  address  have  been  highly  recommended  to  me  by 
certain  friend  of  mine,  that  your  are  the  best  Talismans,  Rings,  Pomades, 
&  ink  manufacturers.  I  therefore  entreat  you  much  to  forward  me 
one  of  your  illustrated  catalogue  to  help  me  in  dealing  with  you.  I  am 
mentally  weak,  therefore  I  need  your  help. 

Awaiting  your  early  good  news  with  many  thanks, 

7/9/16. 

I  am  your 

A.  C.  Nelson. 

The  genuineness  of  these  letters  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
they  have  on  the  envelope  not  only  the  African  stamps  but  also 
the  marks  of  the  British  censors  in  the  interior  and  on  the  coast. 

In  1872  I  had  to  depend  entirely  on  my  own  exertions  for  the 
support  of  my  increasing  family,  and  was  often  very  anxious 
concerning  my  pecuniary  condition.  I  was  sent  for  by  J.  B. 
Lippincott  &  Co.,  and  was  offered  the  editorship  of  a  new  journal 
to  be  published  under  the  name  of  the  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.  I  said  I  would  be  very  glad  to  accept  such  an  appoint- 
ment and  asked  what  the  remuneration  would  be.  On  being 
told  it  was  $1000  a  year,  I  said  I  would  take  it  for  $1500.  Mr. 
Lippincott  said  they  could  not  afford  to  pay  such  a  sum.  I 
replied  that  was  none  of  my  business,  that  they  could  get  other 
editors;  and  so  left  the  office.  They  did  get  another  editor,  but 
at  the  close  of  the  year  offered  me  $1500  a  year  for  editing  the  new 
journal,  and  thus  it  came  under  my  care  until  its  suspension  in 
1880. 


BUSINESS  VENTURES  37 

Subsequently  I  was  asked  to  take  editorial  charge  of  the  Thera- 
peutic Gazette.  Everything  between  me  and  my  publishers  was 
satisfactory  until  one  day  we  disagreed  upon  a  question  of  ethics 
and  also  upon  the  subject-matter  of  my  editorials.  Inasmuch 
as  I  declined  to  accept  their  view  of  the  situation  and  follow  their 
wishes  as  to  the  character  of  the  editorials,  at  the  end  of  the  year 
my  contract  was  annulled. 

Business  Ventures 

It  is  rare  for  a  busy  doctor  to  have  financial  recognition,  and 
it  is  perhaps  worthy  of  mention  that  I  was  elected,  without 
solicitation  or  even  knowledge  on  my  part,  a  director  in  the  West 
End  Trust  Company  in  1895,  and  reelected  yearly  until  1909, 
when  I  resigned  on  account  of  ill-health. 

Most  doctors  fail  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  in  making  invest- 
ments, and  I  desire  to  point  out  that  science  is  as  applicable  to 
this  as  to  almost  every  other  thing  that  is  honest.  The  doctor 
not  rarely  looks  first  at  the  dividend  end  and  does  not  make  a 
scientific  study  of  the  whole  problem. 

One  day  it  was  told  me  by  a  mutual  friend  that  a  neighbor,  a 
doctor  who  enjoyed  one  of  the  most  lucrative  practices  in  the 
city,  said  to  him,  "I  can  make  plenty  of  money  but  I  cannot 
keep  it  like  that  man,"  pointing  his  finger  to  my  house.  Now 
the  fact  is  that  the  first  ten  thousand  dollars  I  saved  was  lost 
through  the  counsel  of  two  men,  esteemed  among  the  highest  of 
Philadelphia's  financiers,  and  I  believe  perfectly  honest  in  their 
advice.  After  much  distress,  I  sat  down  to  think  it  out;  and  it 
came  to  me  that  investments,  not  of  a  gambling  character,  should 
be  determined  by  exactly  the  same  mental  process  as  a  scientific 
investigation;  though  of  course  there  always  must  be  an  element 
of  chance  to  take  into  consideration.  For  instance,  suppose  a 
man  has  a  sum  of  money  to  invest,  and  a  new  railroad  is  to  be 
built.  There  should  first  be  made  a  study  of  the  population 
about  the  present  terminals  of  the  railroad,  and  then  a  study 
of  the  nature  of  the  new  line  which  is  to  be  built,  and  of  the  present 


38  VACATIONS 

population  and  the  character  of  the  new  land  to  be  opened. 
After  this  is  done  the  principles  of  the  decision  become  that 
of  the  scientific  problem;  with  the  element  of  chance  coming  from 
the  character  of  the  men  who  are  to  build  the  railroad  and  to 
be  its  managing  directors.  This  chance  could  by  inquiry  be 
reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  then  the  investment  made  according 
to  the  result  of  the  whole  study. 

I  may  add  that  I  was  accustomed  to  obtain  the  advice  of  half 
a  dozen  financiers,  and  strike  an  average  of  their  opinions  as  an 
aid  to  my  final  decision. 

I  once  was  introduced  by  a  Philadelphia  lawyer  to  a  noted 
New  York  banker,  and  our  five  minutes  of  conversation  made 
me  perceive  that  he  was  about  to  enter  upon  a  great  speculation, 
and  I  determined  to  follow  him.  The  great  difficulty  in  the 
case  was  to  know  when  the  banker  was  to  drop  his  speculation; 
but  watching  closely  I  saw  one  day  he  was  making  a  change  in 
his  methods,  and  I  immediately  telephoned  to  sell  all  my  shares 
of  that  stock.  The  result  was  that,  though  I  lost  a  little  money 
at  the  time  of  selling,  on  the  whole  I  came  out  with  a  surplus  of 
$30,000.  Thinking  over  the  matter,  however,  for  two  or  three 
days,  I  determined  never  to  make  a  speculation  again:  first, 
because  it  was  only  a  form  of  gambling,  and  therefore  opposed 
to  my  religious  principles;  second,  because  to  speculate  success- 
fully requires  that  a  man  shall  pay  attention  to  that  and  have 
no  other  business.  Even  with  the  utmost  care  the  speculator 
may  be  injured  or  ruined  by  superior  talent  in  another  man. 


Vacations 

My  early  summers  in  the  country  fostered  my  love  for  the 
lonely  places  of  the  world  and  also  the  love  of  hunting,  and  so 
it  came  to  pass  that  my  expeditions  in  later  life  were  from  Lands 
End  in  Nova  Scotia  to  the  far  edge  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
involving  often  much  discomfort,  but  always  giving  to  me  an 
infinitude  of  joy. 


VACATIONS  39 

I  have  never  met  with  any  of  the  North  American  cats,  nor 
with  the  grizzly  bear;  but  I  have  shot  Eastern  rabbits,  so  called, 
jack-rabbits,  American  porcupine,  antelope,  black-tailed  deer, 
white-tailed  deer,  brown  bear,  black  bear,  caribou,  wapiti  and 
moose  (the  elk  of  Scandinavia  from  time  immemorial);  and 
among  the  fur  animals,  raccoons,  mink  and  beaver,  and  have 
watched  with  great  pleasure  the  otter  playing  with  her  young 
and  the  little  beaver  swimming  about  my  canoe  when  I  was  trout- 
fishing.  The  opossum  I  have  caught  with  my  hands,  and  watched 
with  glee  his  "playing  possum,"  i.  e.,  pretending  death,  so  that 
he  could  get  a  chance  to  get  me  off  my  guard  and  make  a  run  for 
for  it.  The  man  who  has  never  eaten  opossum,  cooked  by  an 
old  black  "mammy"  or  one  of  her  pupils,  has  gastronomically 
never  lived.  Once  I  gave  a  supper  party,  with  all  the  ordinary 
dainties;  but  the  day  before  I  happened  to  see  an  enormous  opos- 
sum in  the  market,  and  had  it  put  on  the  table  as  the  first  course. 
Everyone  exclaimed  on  its  excellence,  and  the  plates  came  back 
until  nothing  was  left  but  the  bones.  No  one  knew  what  he 
was  eating,  but  a  doctor  born  in  Maryland  remarked,  "If  that 
creature  was  not  so  big  I  should  say  it  was  an  opossum,  but  no 
opossum  ever  grew  as  big  as  that." 

The  last  time  I  fired  a  rifle  was  in  northern  New  Brunswick. 
We  were  lying  hidden  on  a  lake,  half  an  hour  after  sunset,  in  a 
drizzling  rain;  so  dark  was  it  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to 
see  the  sights  of  our  rifles.  The  guide  was  calling  moose,  when 
suddenly  he  whispered,  "There  is  a  moose  standing  in  the  woods 
on  the  opposite  shore."  After  long  searching  I  made  him  out, 
and  asking  the  guide  the  distance,  fixed  my  rifle-sights  for  two 
hundred  and  fifty  yeards.  I  shot  and  the  moose  immediately 
came  out  on  the  shore  and  began  walking  around  and  around.  I 
shot  twice  again  without  to  me  apparent  effect,  and  said  to  the 
guide,  "I  am  no  good,  you  fire."  After  he  had  done  this  twice, 
around  and  around  still  went  the  moose.  I  then  shot,,  and  he 
dropped.  We  went  back  to  camp,  and  I  told  my  son  we  had  shot  a 
moose.  He  said,  "You  did  not  shoot  it,  the  guide  did."  Our  post- 
mortem showed  (our  rifles  being  of  different  calibers)  that  all 


40  VACATIONS 

four  of  my  shots  had  inflicted  fatal  wounds,  the  last  breaking  the 
animal's  neck;  whilst  the  guide  had  only  grazed  the  skin  once. 

With  the  great  surgeon,  the  late  Sir  Victor  Horsley,  I  have 
successfully  hunted  the  preserves  of  Devonshire,  a  privilege  which 
I  owed  to  a  maiden  lady  who  one  day  entertained  us  at  dinner. 
Of  course,  I  was  all  politeness  and  gratitude;  but  when  she  told 
me  that  she  had  ninety-six  dogs  (as  pets)  in  her  London  home,  I 
thought  "elderly  English  single  women  need  company." 

Another  time  I  was  the  guest  of  Professor  Fraser,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  who  had  rented  a  preserve  opposite  the 
island  of  Skye,  on  the  mainland.  Here  we  shot  grouse,  and  in 
certain  warrens,  rabbits.  Often  we  would  look  for  seals  in  the 
sound,  always  carrying  a  rifle.  One  afternoon  five  magnificent 
stags  came  out  on  the  mountains  on  the  island,  and  Professor 
Fraser  began  to  urge  and  guy  me  for  want  of  spirit  for  not  going 
after  a  trophy.  Finally  my  blood  go  so  hot  I  said  that  if  the 
gillie  would  go  with  me  I  would  try  my  luck.  By  the  time  we 
got  to  the  top  of  the  island  it  was  dusk,  and  thinking  I  saw  one 
of  the  stags  I  rose  from  my  creeping  position  to  shoot;  the  gillie 
said,  "Don't  shoot;  the  only  way  to  get  the  head  is  to  kill  the 
animal  dead,  and  I'll  come  back  at  midnight  and  get  the  head 
for  you."  So  after  painfully  crawling  closer  I  rose  to  shoot, 
and  saw  that  my  supposed  stag  was  a  bay  horse;  at  the  same  time 
the  gillie  cried :  "  See  the  stags  running,  higher  up  on  the  mountains. 
The  keepers  have  seen  us  and  are  after  us."  If  any  two  young 
men  ever  went  down  a  precipitous  mountain  in  haste  that  was  the 
time,  but  we  got  into  the  boat  in  safety,  and  were  rowed  rapidly 
into  the  gathering  darkness. 

Another  vacation  I  was  staying  at  a  boarding-house  in  Norway 
about  a  hundred  miles  from  the  Arctic  Circle,  with  a  wild  mountain 
plateau  about  a  thousand  feet  above  us,  and  on  it  numerous 
forests,  but  none  of  the  trees  of  a  height  greater  than  six  feet. 
Here  we  would,  on  some  days,  shoot  over  one  hundred  pounds  of 
large  willow  grouse  (so  called),  to  cany  which  we  always  had  a 
man  with  us.  After  I  got  home  I  received  from  the  Norwegian 
Embassy  at  Washington  an  official  letter,  marked,  "Diplomatic 


VACATIONS  41 

Correspondence,  2010,"  stating  that  I  had  been  fined  by  the 
magistrate  in  Norway  for  shooting  on  government  ground  without 
a  license,  and  would  I  therefore  pay  the  fine.  Not  to  be  outdone, 
I  headed  my  letter/'  Diplomatic  Correspondence  2050,"  and  asked 
why  I  had  not  been  summoned  to  the  magistrate  and  given  a 
chance  to  plead  "not  guilty,"  and  to  be  represented  by  a  lawyer. 
It  took  five  or  six  letter  to  make  the  minister  understand  that  I 
was  guying  him;  when  the  "Diplomatic  Correspondence"  ceased. 
My  excuse  for  my  seeming  dishonesty  is  that  I  had  been  told  by 
my  landlord,  who  always  shot  with  me,  that  the  land  was  his, 
and  therefore  I  did  not  know  any  impropriety  was  involved  in 
our  sport. 

The  first  trip  I  made  to  the  Yellowstone  Park  was  at  the  request 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  which  wished  to  have 
a  medical  opinion  concerning  the  value  of  certain  saline  springs 
some  little  distance  this  side  of  the  Park,  and  to  my  astonish- 
ment they  offered  me,  if  I  would  accept,  a  trip  from  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  not  only  to  the  Park  but  around  and  through  it.  One  of 
our  party  chanced  to  be  a  half-wild  Westerner  of  great  ability, 
and  he  got  an  order  from  a  high  official  of  the  railroad  giving  us 
the  right  to  ride  upon  the  cowcatcher  of  the  locomotive.  It 
was  the  most  curious  and  exciting  experience  to  go  at  the  rate 
of  forty  miles  an  hour,  with  your  feet  about  eight  inches  above  the 
ground  and  your  seat  on  one  of  the  higher  iron  bars,  holding  on 
as  best  you  could.  The  track  at  that  time  was  not  fenced  in, 
and  we  passed  through  a  herd  of  cattle,  one  of  which  -  escaped 
my  legs  by  not  over  two  feet.  Then  the  engineer  came  and  told 
us  to  get  into  the  cars.  We  refused  and  showed  our  letter,  and 
he  started  again.  But  not  long  after  he  stopped  the  train,  came 
out  to  us  and  said  in  the  classic  vernacular  of  the  West,  "The 
president  and  all  the  officials  may  go  to  hell,  but  this  train  does 
not  move  until  you  take  your  seats  in  the  cars."  We  saw  he 
was  in  earnest  and  meekly  went  back  and  took  our  seats  as  directed. 
Curiously  enough,  the  Westerner,  who  was  most  of  the  time 
threatening  to  throw  me  off,  became  superstitiously  afraid  in  the 
Park  when,  at  night,  I  took  him  among  the  spouting  geysers. 


42  VACATIONS 

It  was  on  this  trip  that  I  had  an  amusing  experience  with  a 
Mormon  camper.  This  man  was  taking  his  large  family  on  a 
vacation  trip  through  Yellowstone  Park;  with  a  horse  and  wagon 
to  carry  their  goods  and  chattels,  they  would  travel  by  day,  and 
at  night  pitch  a  tent  beside  a  stream  where  there  was  pasturage 
for  the  horse.  I  was  standing  on  the  edge  of  what  is  called  "  Hell's 
Half-acre,"  contemplating  the  desolation  and  the  vapors  that 
rose  from  the  ground,  when  this  Mormon  came  up  and  said  to 
me,  "Stranger,  can  you  tell  me  where  I  can  find  a  camping  ground 
around  here?"  I  looked  at  him  in  my  most  solemn  manner  and 
then  began,  "Stranger,  if  in  this  land  of  desolation  blasted  as  by 
the  hand  of  divine  wrath,  pouring  forth  sulphurous  fumes  like 
the  gaping  mouth  of  Sheol,  where  one  can  almost  hear  the  wails 
of  souls  doomed  to  an  eternity  of  remorse"— and  so  on  for  a 
space  of  five  minutes.  As  I  proceeded  his  eyes  opened  wide  as 
saucers,  his  jaw  dropped  and  when  I  had  ended  he  gazed  on  me 
for  a  moment  in  silent  astonishment  and  then  said  in  a  voice 
scarcely  above  a  whisper,  "  Christ  Jesus !  Where  did  you  learn  to 
talk?"  and,  turning  on  his  heel,  disappeared. 

My  vacations  were  attended  with  several  narrow  escapes  from 
death.  A  rather  exciting,  possibly  dangerous  adventure,  happened 
once  in  my  earlier  days  when  hunting  in  the  Adirondacks.  At  that 
time  night  hunting  with  a  "jack"  was  legal.  Jack-hunting  con- 
sists in  being  paddled  by  a  guide  noiselessly  over  the  lake  at  night, 
while  the  hunter  sits  in  the  bow  of  the  boat  or  canoe  behind  a 
large  piece  of  bark,  to  which  a  small  lantern  is  attached,  making 
it  possible  to  see  deer  without  being  seen  by  them.  One  night, 
while  hunting  by  this  method,  we  were  close  to  the  edge  of  the  lake 
with  the  precipice  above  us.  For  some  reason  a  deer  came  bounding 
down,  springing  from  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  clearing  our  boat 
by  only  a  foot.  If  he  had  struck  the  boat  there  would  have  been 
a  sorry  mix-up,  as  a  full-grown  buck  is  capable  of  giving  a  good 
deal  of  trouble  when  cornered.  Later  in  the  night  I  shot  at  a  deer 
and  found  the  body  the  next  morning  floating  on  the  lake;  but 
whether  this  was  the  same  animal  or  not  we  were  never  able  to 
tell. 


VACATIONS  43 

In  one  of  my  trips  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  I  had  an  experience, 
the  results  of  which  might  have  been  very  serious. 

Horses  at  that  time  were  divided  into  three  classes:  unbroken, 
which  sold  for  five  dollars  each;  broken  but  of  ordinary  character, 
which  sold  for  ten  dollars  each;  very  good  horses,  which  sold  for 
fifteen  dollars  each.  One  day  some  hundreds  of  horses  were 
driven  past  our  camp  by  a  lot  of  men,  who  offered  to  exchange 
their  fifteen-dollar  horses  for  our  ten-dollar  horses.  I  was  about 
to  accept  when  the  guide  said,  "Don't  you  do  that  or  you  will 
get  into  very  serious  trouble."  A  few  hours  later  a  body  of  men 
with  fury  in  their  faces  rode  up,  saying,  "Let  us  see  your  horses." 
The  guide  took  them  out,  and  they  came  back  quieted  in  manner 
and  with  the  statement  that  we  evidently  had  nothing  to  do 
with  the  stealing  of  their  horses. 

In  the  American  desert,  twice,  I  have  come  close  to  dying  of 
thirst,  once  suffering  almost  the  last  agonies.  I  have  had  a  horse 
fall  with  me  over  a  low  but  abrupt  precipice,  destroying  his 
own  legs,  but  I  escaping  injury  by  jumping  from  the  saddle  when 
he  started  to  fall,  and  alighting  solidly  on  my  feet  unharmed.  I 
have  been  hurled  over  the  head  of  a  galloping  horse  on  the  prairie, 
because  its  feet  went  down  into  a  concealed  badger's  hole.  And 
once,  a  horse,  seeing  an  opening  between  two  trees  and  not  seeing 
that  a  cross  sapling  would  take  me  in  the  breast,  bolted  and 
knocked  me  violently  over  his  tail,  to  alight  on  a  big  boulder 
lying  in  the  wood.  But  never  has  permanent  serious  injury 
resulted.  So  it  happens  to  the  children  of  men,  and  we  call  it 
fate. 

In  December  of  my  fifty-ninth  year  I  began  to  have  irregular 
heart  action,  and  went  to  the  doctor  who  was  rightly  considered 
the  best  cardiac  specialist  in  Philadelphia.  He  said,  "Professor, 
I  am  sorry  to  have  to  tell  you  that  you  have  disease  of  the  coro- 
nary artery  and  cannot  live  more  than  two  months."  I  said, 
"Your  diagnosis  is  rot,  but  if  it  be  correct  I  am  not  going  to  be 
two  months  in  dying."  The  next  day  there  came  up  a  severe 
thunder-storm,  and  I  rode  seven  miles  in  the  Park,  when  the 
dust  was  so  thick  that  I  could  not  see  the  front  wheel  of  my 


44  VACATIONS 

bicycle,  and  back  again,  feeling  refreshed.  Nevertheless,  weak- 
ness increased,  and  finally,  after  sanitarium  treatment  and  treat- 
ment at  home  by  various  physicians  of  high  renown,  and  their 
general  inability  to  come  to  any  conclusion  as  to  the  exact  diag- 
nosis of  my  case,  a  consultation  of  six  doctors  agreed  in  advising 
me  to  go  to  a  certain  spring  in  northern  Germany.  I  knew  their 
instructions  were  wrong,  but  apparently  agreed;  and  wrote  at 
once  to  Dr.  Lauder  Brunton,  of  London,  giving  him  an  account 
of  my  case,  and  asking  him  to  reply  to  me  at  Genoa.  He  did  so, 
saying  that  to  go  to  north  Germany  for  the  winter  would  kill 
me,  that  my  best  chance  was  to  go  to  Helouan,  a  famous  hot 
spring  in  the  Egyptian  desert,  and  put  myself  under  the  care  of 
the  English  doctor  there.    This  I  did. 

The  treatment  at  Helouan,  besides  the  following  of  various 
minor  instructions,  consisted  in  taking  daily  a  bath  for  fifteen 
minutes  in  running  hot  water,  the  while  being  very  vigorously 
massaged  on  one  side  by  a  trained  German  masseur,  and  on  the 
other  side  by  a  huge  negro  whom  the  masseur  had  trained.  I 
recovered  sufficiently  to  go  up  the  Nile  to  the  First  Cataract. 

The  passage  up  the  Nile  was  most  beautiful,  but  there  are  only 
two  incidents  which  seem  to  me  worth  the  telling,  because  they 
illustrate  the  differences  between  the  two  great  branches  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  stock.  At  table  I  sat  next  to  an  English  lady,  well- 
born, well-bred  and  attractive,  probably  about  eighteen  years  of 
age.  It  so  happened  that  one  evening  we  had  toast  upon  the 
table,  and  she  turned  to, me  and  said,  "Do  you  have  toast  in 
America  ?"  The  temptation  was  too  strong  for  me,  and  I  said, 
"No,  what  is  toast?  "That  is  toast,"  was  the  reply.  Then,  with 
my  most  innocent  manner,  I  answered:  "What  is  it  made  of? 
Is  it  good  to  eat?"  She  said,  "Yes,  it  is  made  of  bread;  try  it." 
The  next  day,  to  a  friend  of  hers  sitting  opposite  to  us,  she  said: 
"  Fancy,  they  don't  have  toast  in  America !  This  gentleman  had 
never  seen  it  until  I  introduced  it  to  him  yesterday." 

The  second  incident  was  with  a  highly  cultivated  young 
English  Hebrew  lawyer,  who  had  just  been  offered  the  post  of 
first  assistant  legal  counsel  of  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt,  and  was  to 


VACATIONS  45 

me  the  most  interesting  man  upon  the  steamer.  We  talked 
many  hours  together,  and  one  day  he  said :  "  And  you  a  University 
professor!  You  have  interest  in  and  know  something  about 
almost  everything.  But  when  we  go  to  Oxford  or  Cambridge  we 
find  each  professor  knows  his  Latin,  Greek  or  mathematics  to 
the  end,  but  knows  nothing  else.  No  wonder  the  educated 
American  youths  are  so  much  broader  in  their  knowledge  of  and 
outlook  on  the  world  than  are  our  young  man." 

English  men  and  their  families,  who  had  gone  from  England 
early  and  made  fortunes  in  the  colonies,  were  very  abundant 
because  of  their  hatred  of  the  English  winter  after  they  had 
retired  to  their  native  country.  They  were  very  different  from 
the  general  English  people,  much  more  like  Americans.  It 
chanced  in  a  Paris  boarding  house  we  sat  opposite  a  family  whose 
members  spoke  English,  and  we  had  much  discussion  as  to  what 
they  were.  Most  of  the  party  thought  they  were  American.  I 
said,  "No,  they  are  not  Americans,  but  what  they  are  I  cannot 
tell.v    Later  we  found  out  they  were  Cape  of  Good  Hope  people. 

Following  the  Nile  journey,  I  went  to  the  Tyrol,  and  then 
home;  and  with  utter  lack  of  commonsense  went  back  to  work. 

I  had  been  elected  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  while  absent  in  Egypt.  The  first  official  act  after 
I  took  office  was  an  address  in  which  I  demonstrated  the  necessity 
-of  an  increase  of  the  size  of  the  building  for  the  College,  if  the 
College  were  to  prosper  and  the  Library  be  maintained;  also 
pointing  out  the  only  available  site  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 
The  College  agreed  as  to  the  necessity  for  the  new  building, 
but  four  years  of  constant  parliamentary  battle  were  necessary 
to  get  concord  as  to  the  proposed  site.  The  money  for  the  build- 
ing was  collected  by  a  committee,  and  especially  by  Dr.  S.  Weir 
Mitchell,  including  the  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  which  he 
obtained  from  Mr.  Carnegie;  and  when  the  College  was  finally 
built  all  the  Fellows  were  apparently  well  satisfied. 

The  second  breakdown  of  my  health  occurred  in  1906  and  I 
have  been  ill  ever  since,  although  I  have  tried  sanitarium  treat- 
ment and  been  under  various  doctors  of  the  first  rank,  but  no 


46  VACATIONS 

one  has  been  able  to  make  a  satisfactory  diagnosis  or  to  do  me 
any  substantial  good. 

Finally,  I  may  say  that  the  long  bitter  years  of  suffering  have 
taught  me  to  wish  for  speedy  death,  with  hope  and  faith  that 
the  sacrifice  of  Christ  and  the  mercy  of  the  Lord  would  bring 
me  to  Beatitude.  It  is  many  years  since  the  Professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  Philadelphia  Episcopal  Seminary  convinced  me  that  the 
modern  conception  of  Hell  was  due  to  a  mistranslation  of  the  old 
Hebrew  Bible,  which  has  been  confirmed  by  other  great  linguists; 
so  I  have  no  fear  of  eternal  punishment  or  death.  I  recognize 
that  he  who  says  he  has  faith  thereby  confesses  he  has  not  knowl- 
edge; on  the  other  hand,  it  is  unthinkable  to  me  that  an  all-wise 
and  all-merciful  Creative  Being  should  condemn  to  eternal  torture 
millions  of  men  and  women  who,  without  choice  of  their  own, 
have  been  born  into  an  heredity  of  vice  and  an  early  environ- 
ment of  sin  which  shapes  their  characters  almost  as  an  iron  mould 
shapes  a  plaster  image.  A  reformatory  period  after  death  is, 
however,  thinkable,  and  perhaps  this  is  what  the  Catholic  Church 
is  groping  for  in  its  ideas  of  Purgatory;  but  never  can  I  imagine 
an  eternity  of  suffering.  Therefore,  I  can  see  no  worse  possible 
final  fate  in  death  than  an  escape  from  a  life  of  suffering  to  an 
eternal  sleep.  And  so,  striving  during  life  to  do  the  right  as  it 
is  given  us  to  see  the  right,  may  we  go  out  with  the  cheery  cry, 
"What  of  the  night,  brother,  what  of  the  night?"  Listen  to 
the  Book:  "And  now  abideth  faith,  hope  and  charity,  these  three, 
but  the  greatest  of  these  is  charity."  To  my  understanding,  he 
who  has  charity  is  honest  intellectually  as  well  as  morally,  stands 
against  evil  and  oppression,  and  also  with  kindness  and  sympathy 
alike  toward  the  highest-born  and  the  strongest,  and  toward  the 
lowest  and  weakest.  But  let  him  who  desires  to  know  the  whole 
fulness  of  charity  read  1  Cor.,  13,  and  blessed  is  he  who  in  verity 
bases  his  life  thereon. 


1905 


DR.  H.  C  WOOD  AS  A  MEDICAL  TEACHER 


By  G.  E.  de  SCHWEINITZ,  M.D. 


Success  in  the  art  of  teaching  depends  not  alone  upon  famili- 
arity with  the  subject,  but  also,  and  in  large  measure,  upon  an 
ability  to  expound  it  and  to  excite  the  interest  of  those  who  are 
instructed  and  to  arouse  their  enthusiasm.  Dr.  Wood  failed  in 
none  of  these  essentials. 

He  who  has  been  well  taught  is  apt  to  teach  well;  he  passes 
on  the  results  of  his  training.  Dr.  Wood's  boyhood  studies, 
wisely  guided,  put  him  as  time  progressed  into  possession  of  an 
excellent  acquaintance  with  the  classics,  a  reasonable  knowledge 
of  French  and  German,  a  thorough  grounding  in  mathematics, 
and  created  an  interest,  faithfully  maintained,  in  the  construction 
and  derivation  of  the  English  language. 

His  devotion  to  the  natural  sciences— paleontologic,  morpho- 
logic and  systematic  botany  and  entomology— fostered  by  men 
no  less  than  Joseph  Leidy  and  Louis  Agassiz,  quickened  his 
naturally  excellent  powers  of  observation,  improved  his  judg- 
ment in  relative  values,  increased  his  skill  in  using  instruments 
of  precision,  and  contributed  an  educational  training  which 
greatly  increased  his  power  with  respect  to  those  matters  to 
which  he  was  to  devote  the  best  years  of  his  life. 

In  his  early  medical  career  he  was  a  renowned  "  quizmaster'' 
(which  occupation  always  furnishes  an  education  in  the  profession 
of  teaching  of  great  value)  in  medicine,  materia  medica  and 
chemistry.  For  ten  years  a  Professor  of  Botany,  he  literally, 
in  the  quaint  words  of  the  Founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia,  of  which  institution  in  later  years  he  became 


48  TEACHER  OF  MEDICINE 

President,  "searched  for  Medicines  in  our  Woods,  Waters  and 
in  the  Bowels  of  the  Earth."  He  became  the  master  therapeutist 
of  his  day  and  generation,  and  the  master  exponent  of  the  physi- 
ologic action  of  drugs,  and  conveyed  to  those  who  came  to  him 
for  instruction  the  knowledge  of  this  well-nigh  new  science  in  a 
vigor  of  language,  written  and  spoken,  which  has  rarely  been 
equalled  and  never  excelled. 

But  Dr.  Wood's  drilling  for  the  duties  of  a  teacher  of  medicine, 
and  in  special  degree  of  pharmacology,  as  well  as  of  neurology 
and  medical  jurisprudence,  was  not  alone  concerned  with  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge  and  the  tuition  of  students.  He  rarely 
"broke  training,"  even  in  vacation  days.  He  constantly  was 
putting  himself  through  a  species  of  self-examination,  asking 
himself  questions,  giving  himself  problems,  thinking  out  the 
answers  and  formulating  the  solutions  which  seemed  to  be  required 
in  the  circumstances.  All  scientific  men,  of  course,  engage  in 
similar  self-quizzing,  being  a  mental  preparation  for  a  public 
record  of  their  work.  But  Dr.  Wood  not  infrequently  went  a 
step  further— a  step  whereby  he  attempted  to  ascertain  whether 
the  answer  he  had  given  to  his  own  question  was  sufficiently 
accurate  to  receive  "a  passing  mark,"  not  from  a  colleague  of 
equal  training  and  with  similar  interest,  but  from  a  student 
selected  from  a  class  that  later  was  to  share  this  knowledge. 
To  the  student  thus  selected  he  would  propound  his  question 
or  state  his  problem.  Failing  to  receive  the  correct  answer,  he 
was  wont  to  restate  the  problem  with  every  endeavor  to  clarify 
the  phraseology.  Still  failing  to  elicit  an  adequate  reply,  he 
would  introduce  his  own  answer,  repeat  it,  if  necessary,  reduced 
to  simpler  terms  (and  be  it  remembered  Dr.  Wood  was  not  usually 
a  patient  man)  until  the  listener  grasped  the  meaning.  Thus 
he  instructed  not  only  the  student,  but  himself,  in  that  he  ascer- 
tained the  most  satisfactory  method  of  presenting  the  subject- 
matter  to  the  pupils  who  thronged  his  classroom.  He  matched 
his  mind  with  theirs  to  their  mutual  advantage. 

This  habit  of  his  was  somewhat  evident  in  the  examination- 
room  (in  those  days  examinations  were  almost  always  verbal) 


TEACHER  OF  MEDICINE  49 

and  gave  him  the  reputation  of  being  a  "hard  examiner,"  and 
one  prone  to  ask  "catch  questions."  It  is  true  that  he  was  a 
trifle  overfond  of  testing  the  mental  alertness  of  his  hearers,  but 
not  with  the  object  of  bringing  into  embarrassing  prominence 
his  own  brilliancy  with  their  insufficiencies,  but  for  the  purpose 
of  quickening  their  mind-activities  and  stimulating  the  work  of 
prompt  thinking  and  accurate  observation.  The  writer,  because 
of  a  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Wood,  one  of  the 
most  valued  assets  of  his  life,  is  persuaded  that  he  did  not  attempt 
to  force  his  students  "to  go  along  with  his  mind,"  but  when 
satisfied  that  he  was  clearly  right,  insofar  as  that  was  humanly 
possible,  he  invited  companionship  with  his  thought,  his  reasoning 
and  his  conclusions. 

Sometimes  Dr.  Wood  exhibited  a  certain  timidity  in  his  con- 
versation, in  his  lectures,  and  in  his  discussions,  one  might  almost 
say  a  form  of  self-depreciation,  which  unhappily,  in  later  years, 
when  the  strength  was  beginning  to  go  out  of  him,  was  on  more 
than  one  occasion  disastrous.  But  it  was  evident,  too,  at  times, 
in  the  days  of  his  full  vigor.  This  was  at  first  very  puzzling  to 
the  writer,  knowing  so  well  and  admiring  so  greatly  Dr.  Wood's 
intellectual  brilliancy  and  vigorous  personality.  Soon  it  became 
plain  that  in  many  instances  it  was  an  evidence  of  his  kindly 
nature,  and  represented  a  deliberate  technic  whereby  he  strove 
to  lessen  the  embarrassment  of  his  juniors,  usually  junior  students 
who  were  prone  to  regard  him  as  a  formidable  man,  and  hesitated 
to  answer  lest  they  should  display  unforgivable  ignorance. 

His  method,  often  employed  chiefly  during  clinical  lectures  in 
neurology,  of  punctuating  his  remarks  with  keen  questions,  and 
of  making  the  student  in  part  the  examiner,  by  directing  him,  for 
example,  to  test  the  pupil  reactions,  note  facial  asymmetry,  try 
the  reflexes,  etc.,  was  a  step  in  advance  of  the  usual  technic  of 
that  day,  whereby  the  pupil  was  only  a  long-range  examiner  on 
comparatively  far-off  benches.  To  be  sure,  certain  opportunities 
in  ward-class  teaching,  bedside  examination  and  personal  contact 
with  the  patient  were  not  lacking,  but  practical  instruction  as 
we  now  employ  and  understand  it  was  as  yet  in  its  early  stages, 


50  TEACHER  OF  MEDICINE 

and  many  a  student  received  his  first  and  often  his  best  lessons 
in  the  art  of  observation,  observation  of  what  Dr.  Wood  was 
wont  to  call  "the  surface  play  of  disease,"  in  these  clinical  lectures, 
or  "  clinics,"  as  they  were  briefly  called.  His  physical  f orcefulness, 
his  mental  alertness,  his  originality,  his  quaint  and  often  pictur- 
esque language,  lent  an  additional  charm  to  these  hours  not 
readily  forgotten  by  those  who  were  privileged  to  enjoy  them 
and  to  profit  by  them. 

Dr.  Wood's  familiarity  with  the  subjects  he  was  called  upon 
to  expound  in  the  classroom  and  in  the  clinic  was  based  not 
alone  upon  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  literature  and  the 
records  of  other  observers— with  which,  however,  he  was  inti- 
mately acquainted  and  which  he  had  codified  and  judiciously 
analyzed— but  largely  upon  personal  investigation.  He  combined 
happily  the  qualities  of  a  researcher,  a  clinician  and  a  practi- 
tioner. Therefore  his  students  were  guided  to  their  tasks  and  to 
the  solution  of  their  problems  along  three  important  avenues. 
Although  firmly  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  satisfying  "the 
exacting  conscience  of  the  laboratory,"  as  Weir  Mitchell  was 
wont  to  say,  he  never  failed  to  weave  into  the  fabric  of  his  instruc- 
tion, whether  in  pharmacology,  therapeutics  or  neurology,  lessons 
vitally  necessary  from  the  standpoint  of  the  clinician  and  the 
practitioner. 

In  the  early  and  middle  period  of  his  activities  "the  didactic 
lectures"  held  high  rank,  indeed,  in  many  respects  the  highest 
rank  in  the  medical  curriculum.  To  be  a  "good  lecturer"  was 
tantamount  to  being  "a  good  teacher,"  and  in  this  regard  Dr. 
Wood  had  few  equals.  Never  a  medical  instructor  of  that  day 
struck  more  telling  blows  against  false  doctrine,  faulty  interpreta- 
tion and  injudicious  therapeutics  than  did  this  vigorous  man- 
vigorous  in  mind  and  body,  resourceful,  imbued  with  the  courage 
of  convictions  arrived  at  from  conscientious  investigation  and 
earnest  study,  albeit  he  was  gifted  with  an  intuitive  knowledge 
which  at  times  was  well-night  startling. 

Notable  was  his  clear,  captivating  and  convincing  presenta- 
tion of  the  subject-matter.    His  forceful  and  fluent  language, 


TEACHEK  OF  MEDICINE  51 

often  punctuated  with  eloquent  periods,  held  his  hearers  in 
rapt  attention,  rarely  accorded  by  the  medical  students  of  that 
period,  wearied  as  they  often  were  with  the  strain  of  many  sessions 
during  the  long  day. 

It  is  interesting  to  recall  that  "note-taking"  on  the  part  of 
the  students  in  Dr.  Wood's  lecture-room  was  comparatively 
infrequent— a  fact,  it  would  seem,  which  indicates  how  real  his 
power  was  of  storing  the  minds  of  those  who  heard  him  with 
the  lessons  of  the  hour.  It  is  true  that  his  famous  book,  A  Treatise 
on  Therapeutics,  was  available,  which  fact,  it  may  be  argued, 
made  note-taking  unnecessary.  But  in  other  lecture-rooms,  where 
the  students  had  similar  opportunities  for  text-book  consultation, 
pad  and  pencil  were  conspicuously  evident.  It  was  Dr.  Wood's 
gift  so  to  impress  the  student  that  his  memory  became  his  note- 
book. Once  he  said,  "I'd  fling  a  cobblestone  into  the  center 
of  the  classroom  if  I  thought  that  would  make  the  men  remember 
what  I  believe  they  ought  to  know."  This  he  doubtless  never 
did,  but  literally  he  flung  his  sentences  into  the  faces  of  the  stu- 
dents, his  interesting  thoughts  often  being  interpreted  happily 
and  strikingly  in  a  few  words.  These  epigrams  have  been  treas- 
ured by  those  whom  he  taught,  and  have  guided  many  a  doctor 
in  the  art  of  healing  the  sick. 

No  one  who  ever  heard  it  can  forget  the  brilliant  lecture  on 
general  anesthesia,  wherein  he  contrasted  the  physiologic  action 
and  lethal  effects  of  ether  and  chloroform,  emphasizing  the  danger 
of  the  latter  agent  and  the  comparative  safety  of  the  former, 
closing  thus:  "Which  shall  it  be,  ether  or  chloroform?  Remem- 
ber, gentlemen,  you  can  make  artificial  respiration,  but  you  can't 
make  artificial  circulation."  These  words,  spoken  more  than  a 
third  of  a  century  ago,  must  not  be  weighed  in  the  balance  of  pres- 
ent-day knowledge,  and  they,  one  may  well  suspect,  have  saved 
many  a  life.  His  denunciation  of  the  reckless  use  of  antipyretic 
drugs  in  the  treatment  of  typhoid  fever,  then  only  too  frequently 
employed,  was  potent  in  the  reform  of  injudicious  therapeutics. 
"Rather  than  that,"  he  thundered,  "send  the  doctor  to  the 
North  Pole;  trust  to  rest,  quiet  and  diet."  He  was  in  no  sense 
a  therapeutic  nihilist— quite  the  contrary.    No  one  knew  better 


52  TEACHER  OF  MEDICINE 

than  he  the  value  of  the  reduction  of  temperature  by  cold  packs; 
witness  his  admirable  researches  in  the  management  of  thermic 
fever;  also  no  one  better  than  he  knew  the  danger  in  these  circum- 
stances of  these  so-called  antipyretic  remedies,  just  as  he  recog- 
nized and  condemned  the  evil  influences  of  the  coal-tar  products, 
often  so  thoughtlessly  administered  in  influenza.  His  thera- 
peutic vision  was  not  limited;  not  content  with  noting  the  primary 
effect  of  a  drug,  he  thought  wisely  and  reasoned  carefully  as  to 
its  secondary  effects.  He  anticipated,  both  as  a  writer  and  a 
teacher,  by  many  years  the  work  of  the  laboratories  of  experi- 
mental surgery,  on  the  fall  of  blood-pressure  as  an  all-important 
phenomenon  of  surgical  shock,  and  taught  the  value  of  atropine 
and  heat  in  combating  it.  Our  earliest  knowledge  of  the  excellence 
of  strychnine  as  a  respiratory  and  circulatory  stimulant  and  of 
the  employment  of  nitrite  of  amyl  in  convulsive  seizures  are  due 
to  his  investigations. 

Always  he  strove  to  improve  the  methods  and  rationale  of 
drug  administration  and  the  application  of  remedial  agents  to 
the  cure  of  disease.  Fully  he  realized  the  responsibilities  of  a 
teacher  of  medical  students  in  the  preparation  for  the  great 
work  of  those  who  are  banded  together  for  the  relief  of  human 
suffering  and  the  prolongation  of  human  life.  Original  in  con- 
ception and  ingenious  in  technic,  he  was  never  reckless  in  the 
measures  he  utilized  or  recommended.  As  Hobart  Hare,  easily 
his  most  distinguished  student,  has  said,  "He  did  something  that 
it  is  given  to  few  men  to  do :  he  filled  young  men  with  enthusiasm 
for  therapeutics  as  an  art  and  a  science,  and  he  taught  them  to 
think,  and  by  thinking  to  arrive  at  accurate  conclusions." 

No  man  with  Dr.  Wood's  originality  (in  many  respects  he  was 
a  genius),  knowledge,  didactic  and  literary  skill  could  ever  confine 
his  teaching  to  students  who  filled  the  benches  of  a  lecture-room. 
His,  of  necessity,  was  a  far  larger  audience',  to  wit,  the  medical 
profession.  To  this  profession  he  conveyed  his  instruction  in 
more  than  two  hundred  journal  articles,  not  to  mention  essays, 
brochures  and  monographs.  But  most  of  all,  the  avenue  of 
instruction  in  this  regard  was  through  his  well-known  book  on 
therapeutics— more  exactly,  A  Treatise  on  Therapeutics,  compris- 


TEACHER  OF  MEDICINE  53 

ing  Materia  Medina  and  Toxicology,  with  especial  reference  to  the 
Application  of  the  Physiologic  Action  of  Druqs  to  Clinical  Medi- 
■cine  (first  edition,  1874),  which  passed  through  fourteen  editions, 
maintaining  its  position  as  a  standard  work.  (The  later  editions 
in  collaboration  with  his  son,  Dr.  Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr.) 

Almost  half  a  century  ago,  as  Hare  has  well  said :  "  He  recognized 
that  there  was  an  ever-increasing  source  of  information  as  to  the 
action  of  drugs  in  original  researches,  at  that  time  carried  out 
chiefly  in  the  laboratories  of  central  Europe.  He  appreciated 
that  the  day  of  a  purely  empirical  use  of  drugs  was  on  the  wane, 
and  that  a  new  era  was  dawning  in  which  the  employment  of 
drugs  must  be  governed  not  alone  by  bedside  experience  but  by 
experimental  investigation  which  would,  on  the  one  hand,  explain 
their  effects  and,  on  the  other,  make  their  application  more 
thorough."  Quoting  his  own  words,  this  was  his  rule  of  action: 
"A  primary  knowledge  of  the  end  to  be  accomplished  and  a 
secondary  acquaintance  with  the  instruments  are  a  necessity  for 
human  effort,  and  until  the  sway  of  this  law  is  acknowledged  by 
physicians,  medicine  can  never  rise  from  the  position  of  an  art 
to  the  dignity  of  an  applied  science.  The  work  of  the  thera- 
peutist is  with  the  second  portion  of  this  law.  Evidently,  it  is 
his  special  province  to  find  out  what  are  the  means  at  his  com- 
mand, what  the  individual  drugs  in  use  do  when  put  into  the 
human  system." 

With  this  rule  in  mind,  and  with  this  law  governing  his  work, 
he  made  his  highest  mark  and  became  a  pioneer  in  American 
pharmacology.  He  presented  a  substitute  of  abiding  value  for 
the  old  empiric  methods,  and  taught  with  earnestness  and  honesty 
the  rational  use  of  drugs  based  upon  a  study  of  their  physiologic 
actions.  Thus  it  came  about  that  his  famous  book,  more  than 
any  single  volume,  laid  the  foundation  of  our  present  system 
of  therapeutics. 

Dr.  Wood's  reputation  as  a  scientist,  an  ardent,  enthusiastic 
and  productive  original  investigator,  rests  upon  a  secure  founda- 
tion: he  inspired  energetic  endeavor  with  confidence;  he  impressed 
the  memory  and  imagination  of  his  students;  he  was  a  great 
medical  teacher. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  RECORD  1860-1911. 


Books 


Thermic  Fever,  or  Sunstroke.  Boylston  Prize  Essay.  Philadelphia: 
J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.     1872.     128  pp.     12mo. 

A  Treatise  on  Therapeutics,  comprising  Materia  Medica  and  Toxi- 
cology, with  Especial  Reference  to  the  Application  of  the  Physiological 
Action  of  Drugs  to  Clinical  Medicine.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott 
Co.  1st  ed.,  578  pp.  8vo,  1874;  2d  ed.,  674  pp.,  1875;  3d  ed.,  711  pp., 
1879;  4th  ed.,  736  pp.,  1882;  5th  ed.,  740  pp.,  1883;  6th  ed.,  779  pp., 
1885;  7th  ed.,  908  pp.,  1888.  (Title  changed  to:  Therapeutics;  its 
Principles  and  Practice;  a  Work  on  Medical  Agencies,  Drugs  and  Poisons, 
with  Especial  Reference  to  the  Relations  between  Physiology  and  Clinical 
Medicine.)  8th  ed.,  937  pp.,  1891;  9th  ed.,  1007  pp.,  1894;  10th  ed., 
1033  pp.,  1897;  11th  ed.,  850  pp.,  1900;  12th  ed.,  907  pp.,  1905. 

Brain- work  and  Overwork.    Philadelphia:  P.  Blakiston.     1880.     126 

PP. 

The  Dispensatory  of  the  United  States  of  America.*  Rearranged, 
thoroughly  revised  and  largely  rewritten.  By  H.  C  Wood,  Joseph  P. 
Remington  and  Samuel  P.  Sadtler.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
15th  ed.,  8vo,  1928  pp.,  1883;  16th  ed.,  8vo.,  2091  pp.,  1888;  17th  ed., 
8vo.,  1930  pp.,  1894;  18th  ed.,  8vo.,  1999  pp.,  1899;  19th  ed.,  8vo., 
2005  pp.,  1907. 

Nervous  Diseases  and  their  Diagnosis.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott Co.    1887.    501  pp.    8vo. 

Syphilis  of  the  Nervous  System.  (Physician's  Leisure  Library,  Ser. 
iv.)  Detroit:    G.  S.  Davis.    1889.    8vo.  135  pp. 

The  Practice  of  Medicine.  By  H.  C  Wood  and  Reginald  H.  Fitz. 
Philadelphia:    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.     1896.    8vo.     1088  pp. 

*  The  history  of  the  United  States  Dispensatory  is  probably  unique  in  medical 
annals.  The  first  edition  was  published  in  1833,  written  solely  with  the  intention 
of  assisting  in  making  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  an  authority  in  the  United 
States.  The  acceptance  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  by  the  medical  and  pharmaceutical 
professions  of  the  United  States  was  probably  in  great  part  due  to  the  Dispensatory , 
the  previous  edition  of  the  Pharmacopeia  having  entirely  failed  to  obtain  any  hold 
upon  the  country.  The  original  authors  of  the  United  States  Dispensatory  were 
Dr.  George  B.  Wood  and  Dr.  Franklin  Bache.  At  the  death  of  Dr.  Franklin 
Bache,  Dr.  George  B.  Wood  became  sole  author;  and  at  the  death  of  Dr.  George 
B.  Wood  the  book  became  the  property  of  Dr.  H.  C.  Wood,  who  associated  with 
himself  Professor  Joseph  P.  Remington  and  Professor  Samuel  P.  Sadtler,  the 
book  being  remodelled  and  practically  rewritten  at  this  time,  a  fact  to  which  has 
probably  been  due  its  curious  survival  during  two  generations.  If  its  circulation 
may  be  taken  as  a  criterion,  its  present  hold  upon  the  professions  of  the  world  is 
greater  than  ever  before,  single  editions  reaching  forty  thousand  copies. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  55 


Akticles  in  Scientific  and  Medical  Publications  and 
Jouknals 

Botanical 

1.  Contributions  to  the  Carboniferous  Flora  of  the  United  States. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1860.  7  pp. 

2.  Catalogue  of  Carboniferous  Plants  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy, 
with  Corrections  in  Synonymy,  Description  of  New  Species,  etc.  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1860.    7  pp. 

3.  Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Flora  of  the  Coal  Period  in 
the  United  States.  American  Philosophical  Society  Transactions.  1866. 
xiii.    9  pp.    2  plates. 

4.  Observations  on  the  Life  History  of  Some  Siphonaceous  Fresh- 
water Algae.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings. 
1867.    93  pp. 

5.  A  Botanical  Excursion  in  My  Office.  The  American  Naturalist. 
1867.    i.    14  pp. 

6.  Manner  in  which  Schizomeris  leibleinei  produces  its  Zoospores. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1868.     1  p. 

7.  Description  of  Palmella  Jessenii.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  Proceedings.     1868.     1  p. 

8.  Notes  on  Algae  from  a  California  Hot  Springs.  American  Journal 
of  Science.    1868.    xlvi.  3  pp. 

9.  New  Species  of  Desmids.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
Proceedings.     1869.    3  pp. 

10.  Description  of  Pleurotaenium  breve  and  Tetmemorus  giganteus. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1869.     1  p. 

11.  On  (Edogonium  huntii.  American  Philosophical  Society  Trans- 
actions.   1867.    2  pp. 

12.  New  Species  of  the  Genus  Sirosiphon.  S.  lignicola,  S.  phloio- 
philum,  S.  disjunctum.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
Proceedings.    1869.     1  p. 

13.  Prodromus  of  a  Study  of  the  Fresh- water  Algse  of  Eastern  North 
America.    American  Philosophical  Society,  Proceedings.     1871.    26  pp. 

14.  The  Fresh-water  Algae  of  North  America.  Smithsonian  Con- 
tributions. 1872.  270  pp.  4to.  19  colored  and  2  uncolored  plates 
from  360  original  microscopic  drawings. 

15.  Collecting  and  Preserving  Fresh-water  Algae.  Queckett  Micro- 
scopic Club  Journal.     1873.    iii.    5  pp. 


56  BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD 


Entomological 

16.  Description  of  New  Species  of  Scolopendra  in  the  Collection  of 
the  Academy.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings. 
1861.    5  pp. 

17.  Description  of  New  Species  of  the  Genus  Thelyphonus.  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1861.     1  p. 

18.  Monograph  of  the  Pedipalpi  of  North  America.  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1862.    20  pp.     1  plate. 

19.  On  the  Chilopoda  of  North  America.  With  a  Catalogue  of  all 
the  Specimens  in  the  Collection  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Journal.     1862.    v.    47  pp. 

20.  Descriptions  of  New  Species  (9)  of  North  American  Pedipalpi. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1863.    5  pp. 

21.  Descriptions  of  New  Species  (10)  of  North  American  Polydesmidse. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1864.    4  pp. 

22.  Descriptions  of  New  Species  (14)  of  North  American  Iulidse. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1864.    6  pp. 

23.  Descriptions  of  New  Genera  (Octoglena  and  Brachycybe)  and 
Species  (0.  bivirgata  and  B.  lecontei)  of  North  American  Myriapoda.. 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1864.     1  p. 

24.  Descriptions  of  a  New  Genus  and  New  Species  (2)  of  Polyzoniidae, 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1865.     1  p. 

25.  The  Myriapoda  of  North  America.  American  Philosophical 
Society  Transactions.  1865.  112  pp.,  with  61  figures  in  the  text  and 
3  plates. 

26.  Descriptions  of  New  Species  (4)  of  Texan  Myriapoda.  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.    1867.    2  pp. 

27.  Notes  on  a  Collection  of  California  Myriapoda,  with  Descriptions 
of  New  Eastern  Species  (6).  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
Proceedings.     1867.    3  pp. 

28.  The  Phalangidese  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Essex  Institute 
Proceedings.     1867.    30  pp. 

29.  On  the  Phalangia  and  Pedipalpi  collected  by  Professor  Orton  in 
Western  South  America,  with  Descriptions  of  New  African  Species. 
American  Philosophical  Society  Transactions,    xiii.     1869.     7  pp. 

Researches  in  Experimental  Pharmacology,  Physiology  and  Pathology 

30.  An  Examination  into  the  Truth  of  the  Asserted  Production  of 
General  Diseases  by  Organized  Entities.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences.    1868.    lvi.    20  pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  57 

31.  On  the  Medical  Activity  of  the  Hemp  Plant  as  grown  in  North 
America.    American   Philosophical   Society   Transactions.     1869.     7  pp. 

32.  A  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Physiological  Action  of 
the  Alkaloids  Viridia,  Veratroidia  and  Veratria  of  Commerce,  and  of 
the  Resin  of  Veratrum  Viride.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 
1870.    lix.    17  pp. 

33.  On  the  Influence  of  Section  of  the  Cervical  Pneumogastrics  upon 
the  Action  of  Emetics  and  Cathartics.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences.    1870.    lx.    24  pp. 

34.  Acetic  Ether  as  an  Anaesthetic.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences.    1870.    lx.     1  p. 

35.  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Physiological  Action  of 
Atropia.  No.  1.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.  1871.  lxi. 
4  pp.  No.  II.    Ibid.    1873.    lxv.    10  pp. 

36.  Physiological  Action  of  the  Nitrite  of  Amyl.  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences.     1871.    lxi.    2  pp. 

37.  Experimental  Researches  on  the  Physiological  Action  of  Nitrite 
of  Amyl.    American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.     1871.    lxii.    24  pp. 

38.  The  Therapeutic  Value  of  Nitrite  of  Amyl.  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences.     1871.    lxii.    4  pp. 

39.  An  Investigation  into  the  Action  of  Convulsants.  Philadelphia 
Medical  Times.     1872-73.    iii.    4  pp. 

40.  An  Investigation  into  the  Action  of  Veratrum  Viride  upon  the 
Circulation.  (With  Joseph  Berens.*)  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1873-74.    iv.    9  pp. 

41.  On  the  Oxytocic  Action  of  Quinine.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1873-74.    iv.    |  p. 

42.  A  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Vasomotor  Action  of 
Ergot.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1874.    iv.    2  pp. 

43.  A  Study  of  the  Nature  and  Mechanism  of  Fever.  Smithsonian 
Miscellaneous  Collections.     1875.    45  pp. 

44.  Preliminary  Note  on  a  New  Medicinal  Plant  (Sophora  Speciosa) 
and  its  Alkaloid.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1876-77.    vii.     1  p. 

45.  Researches  upon  Fever.    Smithsonian  Report.     1878.    7  pp. 

46.  Bromide  of  Ethyl.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times.  1879-80.  x. 
4  pp. 

47.  Note  on  the  Action  upon  the  Circulation  of  Certain  Volatile  Oils. 
(With  E.  T.  Reichert.)    Journal  of  Physiology.     1879-80.    ii.     1  p. 

*  In  those  articles  published  in  conjunction  with  another  person,  almost  invari- 
ably the  research  was  planned  by  H.  C.  Wood  and  the  final  paper  written  by  him, 
he  also  partaking  in  the  experimental  work. 


58  BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD 

48.  Fever,  a  Study  in  Morbid  and  Normal  Physiology.  Smithsonian 
Institution  Contributions.     1880.    250  pp. 

49.  Researches  on  the  Effect  of  Inoculating  the  Lower  Animals  with 
Diphtheritic  Exudation.  (With  Henry  F.  Formad.)  National  Board 
of  Health  Bulletin.     1880.    6  pp. 

50.  A  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Action  of  Certain  Drugs 
upon  Bodily  Temperature.  (With  E.  T.  Reichert.)  Journal  of  Physi- 
ology.    1880-82.    hi.     5  pp. 

51.  On  the  Nature  of  the  Diphtheritic  Contagium.  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  Proceedings.     1881.    xxxhi.    4  pp. 

52.  On  the  Nature  and  Limit  of  Physiological  Antagonism.  Journal 
of  Physiology.    1881.    7  pp. 

53.  Memoir  on  the  Nature  of  Diphtheria.  (With  H.  F.  Formad.) 
National  Board  of  Health  Report.    Appendix  for  1882.    80  pp. 

54.  Animal  Heat.  Transactions  of  International  Medical  Congress. 
London.     1881.    i.    3  pp. 

55.  Notes  upon  Lily  of  the  Valley.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1882.    xiii.     1  p. 

56.  Note  upon  Antipyretic  Studies.  Journal  of  Physiology.  1884-85. 
v,  2  pp. 

57.  Hyoscine;  its  Physiological  and  Therapeutic  Action.  Therapeutic 
Gazette.     1885.     3d  s.    i.    9  pp. 

58.  Chorea;  a  Study  in  Experimental  Pathology.     Therapeutic  Gazette. 

1885.  3d  s.    i.    9  pp. 

59.  Tannate    of    Cannabine.     Therapeutic   Gazette.     1885.    3d   s.    i. 

I  P- 

60.  Note  on  Hydrobromate  of  Hyoscine.     Therapeutic  Gazette.     1885. 

3d  s.    i.    1  p. 

61.  A  Partial  Physiological  Study  of  Merck's  Hyoscyamine.  Thera- 
peutic Gazette.     1885.    3d  s.    i.    4  pp. 

62.  The  Oil  of  Gaultheria.  (With  Hobart  A.  Hare.)  Therapeutic 
Gazette.     1886.    3d  s.    ii.    6  pp. 

63.  Hamamelis  Virginica.    (With  John  Marshall.)    Therapeutic  Gazette. 

1886.  3d  s.    ii.    2  pp. 

64.  A  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  Fever  and  of  the  Agents 
which  Produce  or  Arrest  It.  (With  E.  T.  Reichert  and  Hobart  A.  Hare.) 
Therapeutic  Gazette.     1886.    3d  s.    ii.    40  pp. 

65.  Iso-nitroso-antipyrin.    Therapeutic  Gazette.    1889.    3d  s.    v.    2  pp. 

66.  Anaesthesia.  Verhandl.  d.  x.  internal,  medical  Congress,  1890. 
Berlin,  1891.    i.    20  pp. 

67.  Physiological  Action  of  Atropine.  University  Medical  Magazine. 
1890-91.    hi.     1  p. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC  RECORD  59 

68.  The  Cause  of  Death  from  Chloroform.  (With  Hobart  A.  Hare.) 
Medical  News.     1890.    lvi.    26  pp. 

69.  A  Research  to  Determine  the  Action  of  Nitrous  Oxide,  Nitrogen, 
Oxygen  and  Carbonic  Acid  upon  the  Circulation,  with  Especial  Reference 
to  Nitrous  Oxide  Anaesthesia.  (With  David  Cerna.)  Therapeutic  Gazette. 
1890.    jriv.    12  pp. 

70.  Physiological  Study  of  Chloralamid.  (With  David  Cerna.) 
Notes  on  New  Remedies.     1891-92.    iv.    6  pp. 

71.  Notes  on  the  Relation  of  Urea  Elimination  to  Fever.  (With 
John  MarshaU.)    Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease.     1891.    8  pp. 

72.  Strychnine  as  a  Respiratory  Stimulant.  Festschrift,  Rudolf  Vir- 
chow's.    March,  1891.    6  pp. 

73.  The  Effects  of  Drugs  and  other  Agencies  upon  the  Respiratory 
Movements.  (With  David  Cerna.)  Journal  of  Physiology.  1892.  xiii. 
26  pp. 

74.  Chloride  of  Ethyl  and  Pental.  (With  David  Cerna.)  Transac- 
tions of  Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society.    1892.    8  pp. 

75.  On  the  Action  of  Nitrous  Oxide  and  of  the  Mixture  of  Nitrous 
Oxide  and  Oxygen.    Dental  Cosmos.     1893.    5  pp. 

76.  The  Choreic  Movement.  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease. 
1893.    xx.     10  pp. 

77.  On  Potassium  Permanganate  as  an  Antidote  to  Vegetable  Poisons. 
University  Medical  Magazine.     1894.    vi.    6  pp. 

78.  Strontium  Salicylate.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1895.  vii. 
5  pp. 

79.  A  Research  upon  Anesthesia.  (With  William  S.  Carter.)  Journal 
of  Experimental  Science.     1897.     19  pp. 

80.  Notes  on  the  Elimination  of  Strontium.  American  Journal  of 
Physiology.     1898.    i.    2  pp. 

81.  Strontium.  A  Study  in  Physiological  Therapeutics.  (With  John 
P.  Arnold.)    Philadelphia  Medical  Journal.     1899.     18  pp. 

82.  Should  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  recognize  Veratrum  Album 
and  Veratrum  Viride  as  One  Drug?  (With  H.  C.  Wood,  Jr.)  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.     1899.    7  pp. 

83.  A  Research  upon  the  Action  of  Alcohol  upon  the  Circulation. 
(With  Daniel  M.  Hoyt.)  Memoirs,  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  1905. 
x.    26  pp. 

Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Toxicology 

84.  Review  of  the  Medical  Testimony  in  the  Trial  of  Mrs.  E.  G. 
Wharton.    New  York  Medical  Record.     1873.    viii. 

85.  Medical  Education  in  the  United  States.  Lippincott's  Magazine. 
1875.    xvi.    8  pp. 


60  BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD 

86.  The  Expert  Testimony  in  the  Dwight  Insurance  Case.  Medical 
News.     1884.    xliv.    8  pp. 

87.  Absurdities  of  the  Law  as  illustrated  in  the  Taylor  Case.  Journal 
of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease.     1884.    N.  s.    ix.    9  pp. 

88.  Case  of  Charles  Barnes.  As  to  when  a  Man,  becoming  Insane 
from  Alcoholism,  may  be  considered  to  pass  the  Verge  of  Responsibility. 
Polyclinic.     1885-86.    iii.    4  pp. 

89.  Insanity  in  its  Relation  to  Law.  Address  to  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.    June,  1888.     10  pp. 

90.  The  Medical  Profession;  the  Medical  Sects;  the  Law.  The  Address 
in  Medicine,  Yale  University,  1889.  New  England  and  Yale  Review. 
New  Haven.    1889.    19  pp. 

91.  State  Control  of  Admission  into  the  Medical  Profession.  Uni- 
versity Medical  Magazine.     1890-91.    iii.    2  pp. 

92.  The  Relation  of  Neuropathic  Insanity  to  Crime.  International 
Medical  Magazine.    1892-93.    i.     10  pp. 

93.  The  Control  of  Vivisection.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 
1895.    cxxxii.      1  p. 

94.  Judicial  Methods.  Medico-legal  Testimony.  The  Zelner  Case. 
Philadelphia  Medical  Journal.     1899.    7  pp. 

95.  The  Proposed  Law  governing  Expert  Testimony.  Philadelphia 
Medical  Journal.     1899.    5  pp. 


Clinical  Pathology,  Medicine  and  Therapeutics. 

96.  On  Sunstroke.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.  1863. 
xlvi.    7  pp. 

97.  Leucinosis,  or  Yellow  Atrophy  of  the  Liver.  American  Journal 
of  the  Medical  Sciences.     1867.    liii.     12  pp. 

98.  Acute  Dropsy,  Scarlatinal  and  Idiopathic.  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences.     1871.    lxii.     11  pp. 

99.  On  the  Relations  of  Leucocythsemia  and  Pseudoleukemia.  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.     1871.    lxii.     12  pp. 

100.  Intense  Atheroma  of  the  Arteries,  Veins  and  Valves  of  the  Heart, 
with  Total  Loss  of  Electro-contractility  of  the  Muscles  of  one  Leg.  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Times.    1871.    i.     1  p. 

101.  On  a  Case  of  Splenic  and  Lymphatic  Hypertrophy  without 
Leucocythsemia.  (Hodgkin's  Disease,  Ad6nie,  Pseudo-leukaemia.)  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Times.     1871.    i.    2  pp. 

102.  Sudden  Death  in  Acute  Rheumatism  from  Rupture  of  a  Small 
Aneurism  into  the  Pericardium.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1875.    v. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  61 

103.  On  the  Diagnosis  of  Disease  accompanied  by  Real  or  Apparent 
Paraplegia  without  marked  Muscular  Degeneration.  American  Clinical 
Lectures.     (Seguin.)     1875.    i.    25  pp. 

104.  Discoloration  of  the  Skin  produced  by  Oxide  of  Silver.  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Times.    1876.    vi.    \  p. 

105.  The  Rational  Treatment  of  Dysentery.  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.    1877.    viii.    3  pp. 

106.  Chorea;  its  Etiology  and  Varieties,  with  a  New  Treatment. 
Medical  Record.    1877.    xii.    2  pp. 

107.  Partial  Aphasia  without  appreciable  Lesion  of  Island  of  Reil. 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.     1877.    N.  s.  73.    2  pp. 

108.  Tumor  of  the  Brain.    Medical  Record.     1878.    xiv.    3  pp. 

109.  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  Nervous  Syphilis.  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.     1880.    N.  s.  80.    9  pp. 

110.  Notes  on  Anaesthetics,  Chloride  and  Bromide  of  Ethyl.  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Times.    1880.    x.    4  pp. 

111.  The  Treatment  of  Tetanus.    Clinical  News.    1880.    i.     1  p. 

112.  Tumor  of  the  Cerebellum.  Michigan  Medical  News.  1880.  hi. 
lp. 

113.  Obscure  Case  of  Aphasia.    Medical  Record.     1880.    xviii.     1  p. 

114.  Diagnosis  of  Hepatic  Cancer  from  Cirrhosis  and  Abscess  of  the 
Liver.    Medical  Record.     1880.    xviii.     1  p. 

115.  Injury  of  the  Spine  followed  by  Symptoms  of  Fracture.  Medica 
Record.     1880.    xviii.     1  p. 

116.  Case  of  Clot  believed  to  be  in  Crus  Cerebri,  followed  by  Hemi- 
plegia and  by  Loss  of  Sensibility  and  of  Special  Senses;  also  Cerebellar 
Tumor  with  Affection  of  Special  Sense.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1880-81.    xi.    2  pp. 

117.  Is  Alcohol  a  Food?  When  should  Malt  Liquors  be  preferred 
to  Wines  and  Spirits  in  the  Treatment  of  Disease?  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.    1881.    xi.    2  pp. 

118.  Two  Cases  of  Cerebral  Disease.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1881.    xii.    2  pp. 

119.  Peripheral  Nervous  Phenomena  due  to  Intrathoracic  Growth. 
Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1880-81.    xi.     1  p. 

120.  Three  Cases  of  Locomotor  Ataxia.  Medical  Gazette.  1881.  viii. 
2  pp. 

121.  Clot  in  the  Left  Claustrum,  with  Aphasia.  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.     1881-82.    xii.     1  p. 

122.  Glioma  of  Frontal  Lobe  and  Olfactory  Bulb,  with  Hallucinations 
of  Smell.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.    1881-82.    xii.     1  p. 

123.  Bony  Deposit  in  the  Falx;  Softening  in  the  Pons  Varolii.  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Times.     1881-82.    xii.     1  p. 


62  BIBLIOGKAPHIC  RECORD 

124.  A  Case  of  Subacute  Diffused  Cortical  Cerebritis.  Journal  of 
Nervous  and  Mental  Disease.     1882.    N.  s.    vii.    2  pp. 

125.  On  Cumulative  Action  of  Digitalis.  Northwestern  Lancet.   1882.  i. 

126.  Case  of  Epileptiform  Nightmare.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1883.    xiv.    3  pp. 

127.  The  Differential  Diagnosis  of  Dementia  Paralytica,  or  General 
Paralysis  of  the  Insane.    Medical  News.     1883.    xlii.    2  pp. 

128.  Malarial  Pseudo-epilepsy.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times.  1882- 
83.    xiii.    2  pp. 

129.  The  Southwest  as  a  Health  Resort.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1883-84.    xiv.    3  pp. 

130.  Bone  Lesions  dependent  upon  Nervous  Disease.  Medical  News. 
1883.    xliii.    2  pp. 

131.  Infantile  Paralysis.  New  York  Medical  Journal.  1883.  xxxviii. 
lp. 

132.  Epileptiform  Attacks  replaced  by  Spasm  of  the  Facial,  Hypo- 
glossal, and  Spinal  Accessory  Nerves.  Cure.  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.    1883-84.    xiv.    1  p. 

133.  The  Principles  of  Modern  Therapeutics.  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.     1883-84.    xiv.    2  pp. 

134.  Note  on  the  Use  of  Hydrobromic  Acid  in  Epilepsy.  Philadelphia 
Medical  News.     1884.    xliv.     1  p. 

135.  Clinical  Aspects  of  Cerebral  Syphilis.  Transactions  of  the  College 
of  Physicians.     1884.    vii.    30  pp. 

136.  Remarks  upon  Chronic  Contracted  Kidney  with  apparently 
Normal  Urine.  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  1884.  vii. 
21pp. 

137.  Sunstroke.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  1884.  cxi. 
75  pp. 

138.  Microcephalus;  Hydrocephalus.  Archives  of  Pediatrics.  1884.  i. 
4  pp. 

139.  Cases  of  Spinal  Disease,  with  Autopsies.  (With  F.  X.  Dercum.) 
Therapeutic  Gazette.     1885.    3d  s.    i.    8  pp. 

140.  Hemianesthesia  due  to  Lesion  of  the  Crus  Cerebri;  Epilepsy  with 
Running  Attacks;  Hystero-epilepsy  with  Running  Attacks.  Weekly 
Medical  Review.    Chicago.     1885.    xi.    3  pp. 

141.  Hydrobromate  of  Hyoscine  as  a  Hypnotic  in  Insanity.  Thera- 
peutic Gazette.    1885.    3d  s.    i.    2  pp. 

142.  Remarks  upon  Chronic  Contracted  Kidney  with  apparently 
Normal  Urine,  Acute  Gouty  Dementia,  with  a  Perforating  Recto- vaginal 
Ulcer,  and  Death  from  Sudden  Pulmonic  (Edema.  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal.     1885.    cxii.    3  pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  63 

143.  Multiple  Cerebrospinal  Sclerosis.  (With  F.  X.  Dercum.) 
TJierapeutic  Gazette.     1885.    3d  s.    i.     1  p. 

144.  General  Myelitis  supervening  upon  a  Subacute  Myelitis  of 
Specific  Type.  (With  F.  X.  Dercum.)  Therapeutic  Gazette.  1885.  3d 
s.    i.     1  p. 

145.  Irregularly  Disseminated  Sclerosis  of  the  Spinal  Cord,  with  Pre- 
dominance of  Disease  in  the  Lateral  Columns.  Therapeutic  Gazette. 
1885.    3d  s.    i.    1  p. 

146.  Locomotor  Ataxia.    (With  F.  X.  Dercum.)     Therapeutic  Gazette. 

1885.  3d  s.    i.    2  pp. 

147.  Acute  Ascending  or  Landry's  Paralysis.  (With  F.  X.  Dercum.) 
Therapeutic  Gazette.    1885.    3d  s.    i.    2  pp. 

148.  The  Basal  Pathology  of  Chorea.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal.    1885.    cxii.    2  pp. 

149.  A  New  Method  of  giving  a  Bath  in  Typhoid  Fever.  Therapeutic 
Gazette.    1885.    3d  s.    i.    1  p. 

150.  Can  Cholera  be  Averted?  (Symposium:  H.  C  Wood,  J.  B. 
Hamilton,  J.  H.  Rauch,  J.  C.  Peters,  C.  A.  Lealf.)  North  American 
Review.     1885.    cxl.    20  pp. 

151.  Locomotor  Ataxia:  Amyotrophic  Lateral  Sclerosis;  Lateral 
Sclerosis.    Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.     1885.    cxiii.    2  pp. 

152.  Cerebral  Syphilis.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  1885. 
cxiii.     1  p. 

153.  Multiple  Abscess  of  the  Brain.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal.    1885.    cxiii.    2  pp. 

154.  Two  Cases  of  Syphilitic  Disease,  the  Lesion  in  one  involving  the 
Ascending  Frontal  Convolution,  in  the  other  the  Cervical  Spinal  Cord. 
Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1885-86.    xvi.     1  p. 

155.  A  Case  of  Aphasia  with  Hemiplegia,  Hemiansesthesia,  Amblyopia 
and  Loss  of  Taste,  Hearing  and  Smell  on  the  Affected  Side.  Philadelphia 
Medical  Times.    1885-86.    xvi.    2  pp. 

156.  Case  of  Perforating  Ulcer  of  the  Stomach,  with  Remarks.  Thera- 
peutic Gazette.    1886.    3d  s.    ii.    2  pp. 

157.  The  Hygiene  of  Old  Age.     Therapeutic  Gazette.    1886.    x.    7  pp. 

158.  Poliomyelitis;     Unusually  Rapid  Development.    Medical  Age. 

1886.  iv.    1  p. 

159.  Neurasthenia.  A  System  of  Practical  Medicine  by  American 
Authors.  Edited  by  William  Pepper.  Philadelphia:  Lea  Brothers  &  Co. 
1886.    10  pp. 

160.  Acute  Affections  produced  by  Exposure  to  Heat.    Ibid.    14  pp. 

161.  Syphilitic  Affections  of  the  Nerve-centres.    Ibid.    29  pp. 

162.  Spastic  Infantile  Paralysis;  Facial  Paralysis  with  Contracture. 
Polyclinic.    Philadelphia.    1886-87.    iv.    4  pp. 


64  BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD 

163.  The  Antipyretic  Treatment  of  Fever.  Transactions  of'the  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Physicians.    1887.    ii.    6  pp. 

164.  The  Treatment  of  Phthisis  by  Sulphuretted  Hydrogen.  Thera- 
peutic Gazette.     1887.    xi.     12  pp. 

165.  A  Case  of  Arsenical  Neuritis.    Medical  News.     1888.    liii.    2  pp. 

166.  Iodide  of  Potassium  in  Syphilis.     Therapeutic  Gazette.     1888. 

167.  Tumor  pressing  upon  Corpora  Quadrigemina  causing  Epilepsy, 
with  Aura  of  Blindness,  Hemianopsia,  etc.  University  Medical  Magazine. 
1888-89.    i.    2  pp. 

168.  Dementia  with  Violent  Chorea,  Atrophy  and  Softening  of  Frontal 
Convolution.     University  Medical  Magazine.     1888-89.    i.     1  p. 

169.  Two  Cases  of  Lateral  or  Homonymous  Hemianopsia;  Trephining 
in  One  Case;  Death  and  Autopsy.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1888- 
89.    i.    14  pp. 

170.  Cerebral  Embolism.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1888-89.  i. 
lp. 

171.  Right-sided  Aphasia  in  a  Left-handed  Person.    Medical  News. 

1889.  liv.    1  p. 

172.  Hypnotism  in  Hysterical  Paraplegia;  Night-terrors.  Medical 
and  Surgical  Reporter.     1889.    lxi.    2  pp. 

173.  The  Relations  between  Trophic  Lesions  and  Diseases  of  the 
Nervous  System-     University  Medical  Magazine.    1889.    ii.    8  pp. 

174.  Contributions  to  the  discussion  of  the  Diagnostic  Value  of  the 
Tolerance  of  the  Iodides  in  Syphilis. 

175.  Insanity  after  Acute  Surgical  or  Medical  Affections.  University 
Medical  Magazine.     1889.    ii.     10  pp. 

176.  Notes  on  a  Case  illustrating  the  Duration  of  the  Contagion  in 
Scarlet  Fever.    Therapeutic  Gazette.    1889.    xiii.     1  p. 

177.  Notes  on  a  Case  of  Melancholia  and  on  One  of  Puerperal  Insanity. 
Therapeutic  Gazette.     1889.    xiii.    3  pp. 

178.  Note  on  Nasal  Bougies.     Therapeutic  Gazette.    1889.    xiii.     1  p. 

179.  The  Treatment  of  Pneumonia  by  Veratrum  Viride  and  Digitalis. 
Medical  News.    1890.    lvi.     1  p. 

180.  Hypnotism  in  Therapeutics,  without  Suggestion.    London  Lancet. 

1890.  i.     1  p. 

181.  Notes  on  a  Recent  Epidemic  Catarrh.  University  Medical 
Magazine.     1889-90.    ii.     1  p. 

182.  Therapeutics  of  Digitalis.    Medical  News.    1890.    lvi.    3  pp. 

183.  Note  on  the  Use  of  Turpentine  in  Typhoid  Fever.  Medical 
News.    1890.    lvi.    1  p. 

184.  Digitalis  and  Veratrum  Viride  in  Pneumonia.  Journal  of  Materia 
Medica,  New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.    1889-90.    xxvii.    1  p. 

185.  Anaesthesia.    Medical  News.    1890.    lvii.    9  pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  65 

186.  Cardiac  Nerve  Storms.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1891. 
iii.     10  pp. 

187.  Local  Treatment  of  Dysentery.  University  Medical  Magazine. 
1890-91.    iii.    2  pp.     1891-92.    iv.     1  p. 

188.  Gum-lancing.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1891-92.  iv.  1 
p.     1892-93.    v.    1  p. 

189.  The  Ordinary  Water-bed  as  a  Means  of  affecting  the  Temperature 
of  the  Body.     University  Medical  Magazine.     1891-92.    iv.     1  p. 

190.  Turpentine  in  Typhoid  Fever.  Therapeutic  Gazette.  1892.  3d 
s.    viii.    2  pp. 

191.  The  Choreic  Movement.  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease. 
1893.     11  pp. 

192.  Notes  on  Quinine  Idiosyncrasies.  University  Medical  Magazine. 
1892-93.    v.     lp. 

193.  Chronic  Contracted  Kidney:  the  Mystery  of  its  Development 
and  the  Secret  of  its  Prevention.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1893. 
5  pp. 

194.  On  Chorea;  viewed  from  the  Standpoint  of  Comparative  Path- 
ology, with  an  entirely  Novel  Theory  as  to  the  Cause  of  the  Muscular 
Tremor  and  Incoordination,  and  a  New  Therapeutics.  Journal  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.     1893.    xx.    2  pp. 

195.  Digitalis.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  1893.  cxxviii. 
5  pp. 

196.  Strophanthus,  Caffeine,  etc.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 
1893.    cxxviii.    2  pp. 

197.  Cardiac  Depressants.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 
1893.    cxxviii.    4  pp. 

198.  Belladonna.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  1893.  cxxix. 
5  pp. 

199.  Opium.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  1893.  cxxviii. 
4  pp. 

200.  Note  on  the  Use  of  Quinine  in  Chorea.  Transactions  of  the 
Association  of  American  Physicians.    1893.    viii.    6  pp. 

201.  Chloroform  Anaesthesia.  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
1893.    3ds.    xv.    19  pp. 

202.  Ataxic  Lymphopathy  and  Ataxic  Cardiopathy.  Medical  Week. 
Paris.     1893.    i.     1  p. 

203.  General  Symptomatology  of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System. 
An  American  Text-book  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine.  Edited 
by  William  Pepper.    Philadelphia:    W.  B.  Saunders.    1893.    6  pp. 

204.  Mental  Diseases.    Ibid.    58  pp. 

205.  Functional  Nervous  Diseases.    Ibid.    82  pp. 

206.  Syphilis  of  the  Nervous  System.    Ibid.     11  pp. 


66  BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD 

207.  Organic  Diseases  of  the  Spinal  Cord  and  its  Membranes.  Ibid. 
68  pp. 

208.  A  Case  of  Multiple  Brain  Lesions.  University  Medical  Magazine. 
1894-95.    vii.    6  pp. 

209.  Epileptoid  Migraine.    Medical  News.     1894.    lxv.    2  pp. 

210.  Graves's  Disease.  Case  1.  Spontaneous  Cure  occurring  during 
Abscess  of  Spleen.  Case  2.  Very  Great  Relief  apparently  from  the 
Use  of  Extract  of  Spleen.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1894-95. 
vii.     5  pp. 

211.  A  Case  of  Pachymeningitis  following  Thermic  Fever.  Inter- 
national Clinics.     1895.    4th  s.    iv.    8  pp. 

212.  An  Expiscation  of  Acute  Delirium.  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences.     1895.     18  pp. 

213.  Die  Behandlung  der  Epilepsie.  Therapeutische  Wochenschrift. 
1895.    ii.    2  pp. 

214.  Digitalis  in  Heart  Disease.  Medical  Standard.  1895.  xvii.  4 
pp. 

215.  The  Therapeutic  Value  of  Salicylate  of  Strontium.  British 
Medical  Journal.     1895.    i.     1  p. 

216.  Heart  Stimulants.  Cleveland  Medical  Gazette.  1894-95.  x.  14 
pp. 

217.  Anaesthesia.    System  of  Surgery.     (Dennis.)     1895.    i.    31  pp. 

218.  Therapeutics  of  Heart  Disease.  Atlanta  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal.     1895-96.    xii.    8  pp. 

219.  Contributions  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Use  of  Animal  Extracts. 
[Adrenals  in  Addison's  Disease.]  (With  J.  G.  Shoemaker.)  University 
Medical  Magazine.     1895.    vii.     10  pp. 

220.  Animal  Extracts.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1895-96.  viii. 
10  pp. 

221.  Heart  Stimulants.    New  York  Medical  Times.     1896.    xxiv.    3  pp. 

222.  The  Animal  Extracts  in  Medicine.  Indiana  Medical  Journal. 
1896-97.    xv.    6  pp. 

223.  Formaldehyde.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1896-97.  ix.  5 
pp. 

224.  The  Ductless  Glands.  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 
1897.    N.  s.    cxiii.    8  pp. 

225.  The  Modern  Estimate  of  Quinine.  Medical  Age.  1897.  xv. 
3  pp. 

226.  Treatment  of  Gout.  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 
1897.    xxix.     1  p. 

227.  The  Local  Use  of  High  Temperature  in  the  Treatment  of  Rheu- 
matoid and  Other  Diseases  of  the  Tendons  and  Joints.  New  York  Med- 
ical Record.    1897. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  67 

228.  Clinical  Note  on  "Repeating."     University  Medical  Magazine. 
1897.    x.    3  pp. 

229.  Cerebral  Tetanus  following  Operation  for  Hemorrhoids;  Failure 
of  Antitoxin.     University  Medical  Magazine.     1897-98.     x.     1  p. 

230.  Notes  on  a  Case  of  Anomalous  Typhoid  Fever.    American  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  Bulletin.     1898.    xii.    2  pp. 

231.  Note  on  Thyroid  Extract.    Philadelphia  Medical  Journal.     1898. 
i.     lp. 

232.  Diseases  of  the  Conus  Medullaris  and  of  the  Cauda  Equina. 
University  Medical  Magazine.     1898-99.    xi.    3  pp. 

233.  Hypotonia.    Frankel's  Symptom.    Philadelphia  Medical  Journal. 
1899.    3  pp. 

234.  Notes  on  Three  Anomalous  Cases  in  One  Family.    Journal  of 
Nervous  and  Mental  Disease.     1899.    9  pp. 

235.  Concerning    Hyoscine.     University    Medical    Magazine.     1899. 
xii.    3  pp. 

236.  The  Plantar  or  Toe  Reflex.    Babinski's  Symptom.     University 
Medical  Magazine.     1900.    xiii.    4  pp. 

237.  Note  on  the  So-called  Turkish  Bath.    American  Medicine.     1902. 


ui. 


Published  Lectures  and  Addresses 


238.  A  Case  of  Milk  Leg  in  the  Man.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1874.    v.    2  pp. 

239.  On  the  Use  of  Digitalis  in  Diseases  of  the  Heart.    Philadelphia 
Medical  Times.     1874.    v.     5  pp. 

240.  Cerebral  Hyperemia.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1874.    v. 
lp. 

241.  On  the  Principles  which  govern  the  use  of  Electricity  in  Paralysis. 
Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1875.    v.     9  pp. 

242.  On  Fever.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1875.    v.    3  pp. 

243.  On  Diabetes  Insipidus.    Recovery.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1875.    v. 

244.  Aphasia  and  Paralysis  of  the  Right  Arm.    Autopsy.    Philadelphia 
Medical  Times.     1875.    v.     1  p. 

245.  Clinical  Notes  on  Sciatica  and  Neuralgia.    Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.    1875.    v.    1  p. 

246.  Diagnosis  of  the  Lesion  in  Paraplegia.    Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.     1875.    vi.    4  pp. 

247.  On  the  Treatment  of  Opium  Poisoning.    Philadelphia  Medical 
Times.     1875.    vi.    4  pp. 

248.  On  Cerebral  Syphilis.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.    1876.    vi. 
5  pp. 


68  BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD 

to. 

249.  On  Traumatism  of  the  Brain.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1877.    vii.    3  pp. 

250.  The  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  and  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association. 

251.  On  the  Action  of  Drugs  upon  the  Motor  System  of  Animals. 
Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1877.    vii.    3  pp. 

252.  The  Trigeminal  Neuralgias.    Medical  Record.    1877.    xii.    2  pp. 

253.  On  a  Case  of  Idiopathic  Tetanus.  Philadelphia  Medical  Times. 
1879.    ix.    4  pp. 

254.  On  a  Case  of  Supposed  Lesion  of  the  Posterior  Portion  of  the 
Internal  Capsule.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1879.    ix.    3  pp. 

255.  Facial  Palsy.    Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1879.    ix.    2  pp. 

256.  Rachitis  and  Facial  Paralysis.    Hospital  Gazette.     1879.    vi.     1  p. 

257.  On  a  Case  of  Violent  Unilateral  Chorea  produced  by  Amputation. 
Philadelphia  Medical  Times.     1879-80.    x.    2  pp. 

258.  Cerebral,  Spinal  and  Cerebrospmal  Sclerosis.  Michigan  Medical 
News.     1880.    in.     1  p. 

259.  Hystero-epilepsy  and  Hysterical  Rhythmical  Chorea.  Philadel- 
phia Medical  Times.     1880-81.    xi.    3  pp. 

260.  Hysterical  Chorea.    Medical  Gazette.     1881.    viii.     1  p. 

261.  Spinal  and  Cerebral  Sclerosis.  Southern  Clinic.  Richmond. 
1881.    iv.    6  pp. 

262.  Laryngeal  Paralysis.    Michigan  Medical  News.     1882.    v.    2  pp. 

263.  General  Atheroma  of  the  Arteries,  with  Probable  Thrombosis  of 
a  Cerebral  Vessel.    Medical  News.     1885.    xlvi.    2  pp. 

264.  Melancholia.     Therapeutic  Gazette.     1885.    ix.    6  pp. 

265.  Monomania.     Therapeutic  Gazette.     1886.    x.    5  pp. 

266.  Address  on  opening  of  the  Methodist  Hospital,  1887. 

267.  Rest  in  the  Treatment  of  Disease.  Therapeutic  Gazette.  1887. 
xi.     6  pp. 

268.  Address  in  Mental  Disorders.  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter. 
1888.    Iviii.    5  pp. 

269.  Thoughts  concerning  the  Symptomatology  of  Insanity.  Uni- 
versity Medical  Magazine.     1888-89.    i.    8  pp. 

270.  The  Management  and  Treatment  of  Hysteria  and  Neurasthenia. 
American  Lancet.     1890.    N.  s.    xiv.    3  pp. 

271.  The  Remote  Effects  of  Traumatism  as  seen  by  the  Neurologist. 
International  Clinics.     1891.     19  pp. 

272.  Probable  Strychnine  Poisoning.  University  Medical  Magazine. 
1895.    3  pp. 

273.  Address  to  the  Graduating  Class  of  the  Medical  Department, 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  University  Medical  Magazine.  1894-95. 
vii.    6  pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC   RECORD  69 

274.  Memoir  of  Dr.  Harrison  Allen,  1898. 

275.  Nostrums.  Address,  Centennial  Meeting  of  the  Medical  and 
Surgical  Faculty  of  Maryland.  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation.    1899. 

276.  President's  Address.  At  the  Decennial  Convention  for  the  Revi- 
sion of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia.  Philadelphia  Medical  Journal. 
1900.    3  pp. 

277.  Report  of  President,  College  of  Physicians.     1903. 

278.  Address  of  President,  College  of  Physicians.  Transactions  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.     1904. 

279.  Growth  of  the  Laboratories.  University  of  Pennsylvania  Medical 
Bulletin.     1904. 

280.  Presidential  Address.    U.  S.  Pharmacopceial  Convention.     1910. 

281.  Reflections  upon  the  Teaching  of  Therapeutics,  based  upon  forty 
years'  Experience.     Therapeutic  Gazette.     1911. 

Magazine  Articles 

Sunstroke.    Lippincott's  Magazine.    July,  1872.    x. 

Medical  Expert  Evidence.    Lippincott's  Magazine.    April,  1873.    xi. 

Physical  Effects  of  Emotion  on  the  Heart.  Lippincott's  Magazine. 
December,  1874.    xiv. 

Fever.    Lippincott's  Magazine.    February,  1875.    xv. 

*Medical  Education  in  the  United  States.  Lippincott's  Magazine. 
December,  1875.    xvi. 

The  Value  of  Vivisection.    Scribner's  Monthly.    September,  1880.    xx. 

Automatism.  Lippincott's  Magazine.  November  and  December, 
1880.    xxvi. 

Memory.    Scribner's  Monthly.    March,  1890.    xxxix. 

Conscious  False  Vision.    Scribner's  Monthly.    December,  1897.    lv. 

The  United  States  Pharmacopoeia.  Popular  Science  Monthly.  Janu- 
ary, 1905. 

*  This  paper  brought  to  a  crisis  the  agitation  which  for  many  years  had  been 
going  on  in  the  American  medical  profession  concerning  medical  education.  It 
produced  a  revolution  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  which  finally 
forced  other  medical  teaching  institutions  to  reform  their  curricula.  It  strongly 
advocated  State  Board  Examinations  and  had  much  to  do  with  giving  that  legal 
supervision  to  entrance  into  the  profession  which  now  exists  throughout  the  United 
States. 


.C^t-fcY* 


